“…8,9 Learning from nature, the dissipative assembly of synthetic molecules driven by chemical fuels was suggested in 2010 by Boekhoven et al 10 Now, scientists have successfully constructed diverse nonequilibrium systems by adopting various types of microscopic building blocks, such as small molecules, [11][12][13][14] synthetic polymers, 15,16 biomacromolecules, 17,18 and nanoparticles. [19][20][21] Recent work has also shown promise in controlling drug release behaviors 22 and self-healing functions 15,[23][24][25] in nonequilibrium systems. Despite these achievements, current studies in this filed are still focusing on the micro level, and far too little attention has been paid to the macroscopic nonequilibrium assembly.…”