3D Bioprinting Using Hydrogels: Cell Inks and Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract

3D bioprinting is transforming tissue engineering in medicine by providing novel methods that are precise and highly customizable to create biological tissues. The selection of a “cell ink”, a printable formulation, is an integral part of adapting 3D bioprinting processes to allow for process optimization and customization related to the target tissue. Bioprinting hydrogels allows for tailorable material, physical, chemical, and biological properties of the cell ink and is suited for biomedical applications. Hydrogel-based cell ink formulations are a promising option for the variety of techniques with which bioprinting can be achieved. In this review, we will examine some of the current hydrogel-based cell inks used in bioprinting, as well as their use in current and proposed future bioprinting methods. We will highlight some of the biological applications and discuss the development of new hydrogels and methods that can incorporate the completed print into the tissue or organ of interest.

Development of a microfluidic-assisted open-source 3D bioprinting system (MOS3S) for the engineering of hierarchical tissues

“…Hydrogel composites have shown stability and structural integrity under a range of temperatures [25] ; making them suitable inks for printing at room temperature, without the need for precise temperature control. Thanks to microfluidic-assisted extrusion-based set-up and its capability to perform effectively at ambient temperature and typical laboratory conditions, the inks were prepared in the liquid state while printing, where the temperature fluctuations had minimal impact on their rheological properties and the output quality.…”

Towards optimized tissue regeneration: a new 3D printable bioink of alginate/cellulose hydrogel loaded with thrombocyte concentrate

“…Using inkjet (jet-based, drop-on-demand), microextrusion, or laser-assisted printing, a printable formulation with living cells (“cell/bioink”) can be encapsulated within polymeric hydrogels. These provide a suitable environment for cell growth and are highly customizable, allowing for several biochemical and biophysical properties to control cell functions, including cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation, thus making them a valuable conduit for the fabrication of tissue constructs ( Dell et al, 2022 ).…”

Advancements of 3D bioprinting in regenerative medicine: Exploring cell sources for organ fabrication

“…3D bioprinting is an emerging technology that enables the precise layer-by-layer deposition of bioink, a specialized material consisting of living cells, biomaterials, and bioactive molecules [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] ]. This advanced technique allows for the fabrication of complex and functional tissues or organs.…”