3D Biofabrication of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Poly-l-lactic Acid (PLLA) Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) for Tissue Engineering Aortic Heart Valve

Abstract

Valvular dysfunction as the prominent reason of heart failure may causes morbidity and mortality around the world. The inability of human body to regenerate the defected heart valves necessitates the development of the artificial prosthesis to be replaced. Besides, the lack of capacity to grow, repair or remodel of an artificial valves and biological difficulty such as infection or inflammation make the development of tissue engineering heart valve (TEHV) concept. This research presented the use of compound of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and maghemite nanoparticle (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ) as the potential biomaterials to develop three-dimensional (3D) aortic heart valve scaffold. Electrospinning was used for fabricating the 3D scaffold. The steepest ascent followed by the response surface methodology was used to optimize the electrospinning parameters involved in terms of elastic modulus. The structural and porosity properties of fabricated scaffold were characterized using FE-SEM and liquid displacement technique, respectively. The 3D scaffold was then seeded with aortic smooth muscle cells (AOSMCs) and biological behavior in terms of cell attachment and proliferation during 34 days of incubation was characterized using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and confocal laser microscopy. Furthermore, the mechanical properties in terms of elastic modulus and stiffness were investigated after cell seeding through macro-indentation test. The analysis indicated the formation of ultrafine quality of nanofibers with diameter distribution of 178 ± 45 nm and 90.72% porosity. In terms of cell proliferation, the results exhibited desirable proliferation (109.32 ± 3.22% compared to the control) of cells over the 3D scaffold in 34 days of incubation. The elastic modulus and stiffness index after cell seeding were founded to be 22.78 ± 2.12 MPa and 1490.9 ± 12 Nmm 2 , respectively. Overall, the fabricated 3D scaffold exhibits desirable structural, biological and mechanical properties and has the potential to be used in vivo.

Paramagnetic Functionalization of Biocompatible Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications: A Perspective

“…The aortic valve works under a tensile-shear-flexural loading so it must have specific mechanical properties that will be different than the other valves. A 3D heart valve scaffold was fabricated [ 178 ] ( Figure 6 ) based on polyurethane/poly-L-lactic acid (TPU/PLLA) and maghemite nanoparticles. Maghemite MNPs were obtained according to a coprecipitation procedure [ 179 ] and capped by citrate moieties to prevent oxidation and aggregation phenomena.…”

“… The 3D engineered aortic valve based on polyurethane/poly-L-lactic acid (TPU/PLLA) reported in reference [ 178 ]. In particular, 3.80% ( w / v ) MNPs were dissolved in TPU/PLLA mixture (50:50 v / v , 6.54 wt%); then, the mixture was subjected to electrospinning and collected into an aluminum foil based template of the valve obtaining the 3D scaffold reported.…”

A Solvent System Involved Fabricating Electrospun Polyurethane Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications

“…Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is one type of polymer with excellent properties, such as high strength, high toughness, durable wear resistance and good oil resistance that has been used in textile, food, national defense and other industries [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Because of their excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility, TPU nanofibers have been widely used in biomedical applications [ 7 , 8 ]. Similar to other typical electrospun fibrous scaffolds, many factors have an effect on the application of TPU or TPU-based electrospun fibrous scaffolds, such as the morphology and structure, mechanical properties, and so on.…”

Preparation of electrospun magnetic polyvinyl butyral/Fe2O3 nanofibrous membranes for effective removal of iron ions from groundwater

“…Electrospun nanofibrous membranes containing an amount of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have become a necessary material for various uses, including tissue engineering, sensors, wound dressings, magnetic hyperthermia therapy, and wastewater treatment. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] It is possible to incorporate magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) into a nanofibrous membrane in three different ways: (a) by utilizing pre-synthesized MNPs prior to electrospinning;…”