Type 2 diabetes preventive effects with a 12-months sardine-enriched diet in elderly population with prediabetes: An interventional, randomized and controlled trial

Cardio-Protective Properties and Health Benefits of Fish Lipid Bioactives; The Effects of Thermal Processing

“…Sufficient serum vitamin D levels achieved in response to a dietary intervention of a Mediterranean dietary pattern with two fatty fish meals/week for six months in asthmatic children, modified the beneficial response of pulmonary function and enhanced ventilatory function [ 160 ]. A 12-months sardine-enriched diet in elderly population, with prediabetes, increased sardines’ characteristic nutrients, such as the n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, vitamin D, fluorine, and taurine, in the group supplemented with sardines twice per week, and further suggested a greater protective effect against developing type-II diabetes and cardiovascular events in this population [ 161 ]. Association of low vitamin D intake with dyslipidaemia and vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency has been observed in Brazilian children, whereas the food groups that contributed the most to vitamin D intake were dairy products and fish, suggesting specific actions that promote and facilitate access to vitamin D food sources, such as dairy products and fish [ 162 ].…”

The effects of taurine supplementation on diabetes mellitus in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Oral supplementation of taurine could ameliorate lipid-induced functional beta cell decompensation and insulin resistance in humans ( Xiao, Giacca, & Lewis, 2008 ). RCT study showed that taurine rich diet reduced HOMA-IR value compared with the control group (P = 0.032) ( Díaz-Rizzolo et al, 2021 ).…”

Assessing the Highest Level of Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials in Omega-3 Research

“…Trials examining the effects of n -3 PUFA on type 2 diabetes among those with impaired glucose tolerance or with metabolic syndrome also found no significant changes in HbA1c, fasting glucose, and insulin sensitivity with the doses of n -3 PUFA ranging from 0.6 to 6 g per day for a duration ranging from 8 weeks to 1 year [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ] ( Table 3 ). Conversely, other trials reported a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, and HbA1c after supplementing the diet with dosage of n -3 PUFA ranging from 0.41 to 3 g/day for a follow-up of 8 weeks to 1 year as well [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ] ( Table 3 ). One particular RCT conducted among patients with vitamin D deficiency reported a significant increase in HbA1c in the n -3 PUFA group after 8 weeks of supplementation with 0.3 g of n -3 PUFA daily and 50,000 IU of vitamin D weekly [ 64 ].…”

“…In addition to influencing CVD and cancer outcomes, n -3 PUFAs are also known to influence parameters of type 2 diabetes such as insulin resistance (IR), fasting blood glucose (FBG), and HbA1c. Inconsistent findings in the diabetes literature may be attributed to a lack of observed changes in inflammatory responses, shorter follow-up time, smaller sample size, inadequate dosage of n -3 PUFA, open-label design, higher attrition rate, combined intervention, baseline plasma glucose levels, health status of the study participants, HOMA-R values, and lack of sensitive methods such as the use of euglycemic clamp to detect any changes in insulin sensitivity [ 52 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 63 ]. Studies observing beneficial effects of n -3 PUFA on type 2 diabetes and its parameters also used combined interventions such as n -3 PUFA with plant sterol or vitamin D. Both plant sterol and vitamin D are known to prevent impaired glucose regulation (IGR) progression to type 2 diabetes and enhance the insulin-regulated glucose transporter type-4 (GLUT-4), respectively, while improving blood glucose levels and insulin resistance [ 61 , 62 ].…”