“…In humans and other vertebrate animals, activated T cells that infiltrate the CNS during encephalitic DNA or RNA viral infections up-regulate expression of the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, and CXCR3 and their chemokine ligands CCL2 (CCR2), CCL3 (CCR1, CCR5), CCL4 (CCR5), CCL5 (CCR1, CCR5), and CXCL9 -CXCL11 (CXCR3) (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24). Although targeted deletion of CXCR3 or CXCL10 is associated with a reduction in infiltrating mononuclear cells and enhanced mortality from infection of the CNS with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) 3 (25,26), few studies have examined regional differences in the expression of chemokine ligands during viral encephalitis.…”