Microbiote intestinal et dialogue immunitaire au cours de la maladie métabolique

Abstract

The aim of the review is to discuss about the role played by the defence crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the intestinal immune system, in the development of metabolic disease focusing on obesity and diabetes. Starting from physiological and pathological stand points and based on the latest published data, this review is addressing how the concept of the hologenome theory of evolution can drive the fate of metabolic disease. The notion of "metabolic infection" to explain the "metabolic inflammation" is discussed. This imply comments about the process of bacterial translocation and impaired intestinal immune defense against commensals. Eventually this review sets the soil for personalized medicine. The monthly increase in the number of publications on the gut microbiota to intestinal immune defense and the control of metabolism demonstrate the importance of this field of investigation. The notion of commensal as "self or non-self" has to be reevaluated in the light of the current data. Furthermore, data demonstrate the major role played by short chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, LPS, peptidoglycans, indole derivatives, and other bacteria-related molecules on the shaping of cells involved in the intestinal protection against commensals is now becoming a central player in the incidence of metabolic diseases. The literature demonstrates that the onset of metabolic diseases and some specific co-morbidities can be explained by a gut microbiota to intestinal immune system crosstalk. Therefore, one should now consider this avenue of investigation as a putative source of biomarkers and therapeutic targets to personalize the treatment of metabolic disease and its co-morbidities. Gut microbiota is considered as a major regulator of metabolic disease. This reconciles the notion of metabolic inflammation and the epidemic development of the disease. In addition to evidence showing that a specific gut microbiota characterizes patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, the mechanisms causal to the disease could be related to the translocation of microbiota from the gut to the tissues, which induces inflammation. The mechanisms regulating such a process are based on the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system. The hologenome theory of evolution supports this concept and implies that therapeutic strategies aiming to control glycemia should take into account both the gut microbiota and the host immune system. This review discusses the latest evidence regarding the bidirectional impact of the gut microbiota on host immune system crosstalk for the control of metabolic disease, hyperglycemia, and obesity. To avoid redundancies with the literature, we will focus our attention on the intestinal immune system, identifying evidence for the generation of novel therapeutic strategies, which could be based on the control of the translocation of gut bacteria to tissues. Such novel strategies should hamper the role played by gut microbiota dysbiosis on the development of metabolic infl...

Getting to Know the Gut Microbial Diversity of Metropolitan Buenos Aires Inhabitants

“…Microbial colonization is essential for the normal development of the immune system, regulating the homeostasis between environmental antigenic load and immune response. In susceptible individuals, imbalance could result into pathologies of immune dysregulation, including chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and metabolic syndrome, in which the immune system overreacts to non-harmful microbial antigens (Ananthakrishnan et al, 2017; Burcelin, 2017). Although there are new molecular technologies, the normal composition of the microbiota of the human intestine is still under debate (van den Elsen et al, 2017).…”

Characteristics of Gut Microbiota in Children With Biliary Atresia After Liver Transplantation

“…Inversely, it will lead to systemic infections when the microbiota balance is broken ( Zhang et al, 2015 ). Accumulating literature suggests that GM imbalance occurs in many diseases such as liver disease ( Miura and Ohnishi, 2014 ; Tilg et al, 2016 ), metabolic disease ( Burcelin, 2017 ), cardiovascular disease ( Ahmadmehrabi and Tang, 2017 ; Kazemian et al, 2020 ), inflammatory bowel disease ( Nishida et al, 2018 ) and neurodegenerative disease ( Quigley, 2017 ), and it plays a driving role in disease progression. By studying the role of GM in the management of illness, therapeutic measures have been developed to intervene in disease progression or complications, such as antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics.…”

Intestinal Immunomodulatory Cells (T Lymphocytes): A Bridge between Gut Microbiota and Diabetes

“…In recent years, the microorganisms in the intestine, also known as the gut microbiota, have been regarded as the main component of the human internal environment and one of the primary environmental factors that determines the improvement or deterioration of DM [ 13 ]. Studies have found that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is closely related to human nutritional metabolism, which is also substantially influenced by the gut microbiota; thus, we hypothesized that diabetes and the gut microbiota are inextricably linked [ 14 ], and this prediction is supported by increasing studies. Further in-depth analyses may identify important indicators and targets for future personalized treatments and methods for the prevention of diabetes.…”