23Na NMR shift reagents enhance cardiac staircase effect in isolated perfused rat hearts

Intracellular Sodium Changes in Cancer Cells Using a Microcavity Array-Based Bioreactor System and Sodium Triple-Quantum MR Signal

“…With respect to other MR techniques, only the administration of chemical shift reagents yields a separation of the intraand extracellular sodium MR signals [24,55,56]. However, the toxicity of these compounds limits the in vivo applications [57]. The major benefit of the proposed technique is that the MR-compatible bioreactor system allows to perform a variety of interventions with a variety of cells and to correlate MR signal changes to cellular processes.…”

Multiple quantum filtered 23Na NMR in the Langendorff perfused mouse heart: Ratio of triple/double quantum filtered signals correlates with [Na]i

“…23 Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is able to distinguish intra versus extracellular Na pools, employing paramagnetic shift reagents such as Tm(DOTP) [8] to separate the two. However, these reagents are efficient chelators of Ca and Mg leading to modified ion homeostasis and reduced cardiac contractility [9] . As a result, shift reagents exhibit significant toxicity precluding their use in vivo.…”