100 Years of Bakelite, the Material of a 1000 Uses

Crespy, Daniel; Bozonnet, Marianne; Meier, Markus

doi:10.1002/anie.200704281

Cited by 108 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The fi rst synthetic thermosets for practical applications were invented in 1907 by Baekeland through the combination of formaldehyde and phenol. [ 1 ] The resulting highly cross-linked network produced a rigid material that does not soften when heated, and which was called "the material of a thousand uses" [ 2 ] due to its versatility. Today, thermosets are used for many demanding applications because of their dimensional stability, creep resistance, chemical resistance, and which makes these permanent polymer networks processable like traditional glass.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vinylogous Urethane Vitrimers

Denissen

Rivero

Nicolaÿ

et al. 2015

Adv Funct Materials

785

833

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wileyonlinelibrary.comstiffness. Due to their molecular architecture, thermosets cannot be reshaped, processed, or recycled after full curing. In contrast, thermoplastics can fl ow upon heating, enabling multiple and easy processing, such as by extrusion, [ 3 ] as well as recycling in many cases. [ 4 ] Designing polymer systems that combine the benefi ts of traditional thermosets with the "plastic" properties to facilitate processing is therefore a challenge that has recently attracted great interest.A way to make the combination of these properties is offered by the introduction of exchangeable chemical bonds into a polymer network, leading to dynamic cross-links. These bonds should be able to rearrange themselves in a reversible manner, providing on a molecular level a mechanism for macroscopic fl ow without risking structural damage. Polymer networks containing such exchangeable bonds, also known as covalent adaptable networks or CANs, [ 5 ] may be further classifi ed into those relying on respectively dissociative and associative exchange reactions. [ 6 ] The most common "dissociative" group of CANs relies on a reversible covalent bond formation between two groups attached to the polymer chains. By triggering the reversed bond forming step (bond dissociation), the material can achieve topology rearrangements (stress relaxation and fl ow), simply because of a decrease in connectivity during the temporary depolymerization, resulting in a strong and sudden viscosity drop and a loss of dimensional stability. Such systems will always present a sol/ gel transition and can thus be solubilized in the presence of solvent. A representative example of a thermally triggered dissociative CAN relies on the well-known reversible Diels-Alder reaction between furans and maleimides. [ 7 ] A less common type of CAN makes use of associative bond exchanges between polymer chains, [ 8 ] in which the original cross-links between polymer chains are only broken once a bond to another (part of the) polymer chain has been formed. As a result, such systems can change their topology with no loss of connectivity during the dynamic reorganization process, making such networks effectively permanent and insoluble, even at (very) high temperatures. Interestingly, as with all chemical reactions, the rate of this associative exchange increases with the temperature, leading to an Arrhenius-like viscosity dependence, rather than a sudden and marked viscosity drop at the sol/gel transition. Thermally triggered associative CANs have been coined vitrimers, [ 9 ] because of their unique combination of insolubility and gradual thermal viscosity behavior, Vitrimers are a new class of polymeric materials with very attractive properties, since they can be reworked to any shape while being at the same time permanently cross-linked. As an alternative to the use of transesterifi cation chemistry, we explore catalyst-free transamination of vinylogous urethanes as an exchange reaction for vitrimers. First, a kinetic study on model compounds reveals the occu...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vinylogous Urethane Vitrimers

Denissen

Rivero

Nicolaÿ

et al. 2015

Adv Funct Materials

785

833

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Bakelite, the first of many commercial synthetic plastics, was enormously popular among designers who used the material resourcefully in electronics, machinery, furniture and interior furnishings and much more (see Tambini, 1999). Its plasticity allowed "adventurous" curves (Ashby and Johnson, 2009) and Bakelite was embraced by the fashion industry when designers, such as Coco Chanel, started using the material to create the light and colorful costume jewelry that was in fashion in the1930s (Crespy et al, 2008). It was the first time plastic was used as something beyond a simple substitute for or imitation of natural materials.…”

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confidence: 99%

“My plastic dreams”: Towards an extended understanding of materiality and the shaping of consumer identities

Ferreira

Scaraboto

2016

Journal of Business Research

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Individuals relate to consumption objects as a means to develop, reinforce, transform, or align their fragmented individual identities. Prior research has mainly focused on understanding the identity-shaping potential of finished consumer products, such as branded shoes. Less attention has been dedicated to understanding how material substances, designer intentions, and marketing efforts jointly influence materiality and the shaping of consumers' identities. Drawing from a netnographic investigation of an online community of plastic shoe aficionados, we extend current understandings of object-consumer relations to include pre-objectification -a process whereby cultural forms are translated into material objects. This expanded view allows us to examine the outcomes of consumer interaction with material elements inscribed in consumption objects. Our study uncovers a collective materialization process where culturally situated material interactions give shape to consumer identities and feed back into consumer culture.Keywords: materiality, object relations, objectification, consumer identity, plastic shoes, netnography 2 2 "My plastic dreams": Toward an extended understanding of materiality and the shaping of consumer identities IntroductionConsumer research has extensively examined how interactions with products help consumers to shape their identities and selves (Belk, 1998;Ahuvia, 2005). Product design, for instance, can elicit infatuation in object-consumer relations (Lastovicka and Sirianni, 2011), and consumers may become attached and develop relationships with specific material objects, independently of these objects' brands (Lastovicka and Sirianni, 2013). Although recent research in various disciplines has started to move beyond finished consumption objects to look at the material characteristics objectified in them, a comprehensive framework for examining the identity-shaping outcomes of consumers' interaction with pre-objectification elements is absent (Dant, 2008;Ingold, 2012;Borgerson, 2013). The "thingness" of consumption objects (Miller, 1987(Miller, , 2005 thus has the potential to support consumer identity-shaping in ways that we do not fully understand. Our study addresses this gap by proposing an expanded view of materiality that considers how interaction with objectified material elements may influence consumers' identity projects.In elaborating our framework, we focus on shoes, a consumption object that is frequently associated with consumers' identity-shaping efforts (Belk, 2003;Marion and Nairn, 2011). Shoes, like clothes, are an example of an object that is "especially suitable for studying the relationship between personal values and values attributed to material goods because of its close association with perceptions of the self" (Crane and Bovone, 2006). Material culture surrounding shoes stimulates consumer imaginations through fantasies and dreams of escape from reality (Huey and Proctor, 2011). In many fairy tales, movies and TV shows, shoes are gifted with "the magical power t...

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“…21 Currently, it still has a wide range of important applications, e.g., as matrix resin for uses in nanocomposites, 22,23 due to its outstanding characteristics such as flame-resisting, low smoke, and high retention rate of mechanical properties under high temperature. 24 However, while various polymers have been comprehensively investigated as matrices to prepare the CNT-filled nanocomposites, little attention was paid to the relevant research on phenolic resin.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Resin-MWNT Nanocomposites Prepared through an in situ Polymerization Method

Cui

Yan

Liu

et al. 2008

Polym J

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A simple but effective in situ polymerization method has been developed to prepare phenolic resin-based nanocomposites with pristine or carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) as fillers. As revealed by scanning electron microscopy, the nanotubes are well-dispersed in and strongly adhered to the phenolic resin. The resultant nanocomposites have thus obtained the improved thermostabilities. As compared to pristine MWNT-filled nanocomposite, the carboxylated MWNT-filled one has shown more improved thermostability, resulting from the higher dispersion quality of functionalized nanotubes. The related mechanisms have been analyzed qualitatively. To achieve the similar effects, however, more mixing energy should be deposited on the melt mixture in the melt-mixing process. These indicate that phenolic resin-MWNT nanocomposites with high performance may be realized by adoption of pertinent preparation method and moderate functionalized nanotubes.KEY WORDS: Phenolic Resin / MWNT / In situ Polymerization / Nanocomposite / Dispersion Behavior / Thermal Properties / Due to their excellent mechanical property and high aspect ratio, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly considered to be unique reinforcement fillers for making polymer-based nanocomposites. [1][2][3][4][5][6] In order to achieve strength enhancement as high as possible, homogeneous dispersion of CNTs and strong interaction between CNT and surrounding matrix are generally required.7 However, the pristine nanotubes are usually bundled due to strong van de Waals interactions, thus making their dispersibility in most of polymer matrices rather poor. Otherwise, intrinsically smooth surface and chemical inertness of the nanotubes lead to their weak adhesion to polymer matrix. As a result, the nanocomposites based on simple polymer-pristine nanotube blends prepared by highspeed mixing and/or ultrasonication have shown limited strength enhancement as compared with conventional composites, and their mechanical properties are noticeably below the highly anticipated potential. [7][8][9] To resolve these problems, there is growing research effort in understanding the interface between CNT and matrix. Functionalization of CNTs, which permits directly tailoring of the chemical and physical properties of nanotubes according to their specific applications, is envisaged as an ideal cut-in point and has therefore been extensively investigated.10-15 Strength enhancement of the functionalized nanotube-filled nanocomposites was generally achieved. However, these functionalization techniques more or less rely on wet chemistry. Toxicity of chemicals and damage to nanotubes are issues which must be addressed. Comparatively, it may be easier and more direct as well as environment friendly for a given polymer matrix to prepare its nanocomposites by adopting a pertinent preparation method. At least, as having been proven, it is feasible for certain polymer matrix. 8,[16][17][18][19][20] In this work, taking phenolic resin as a matrix example, we have also addressed this iss...

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100 Years of Bakelite, the Material of a 1000 Uses

Cited by 108 publications

References 31 publications

Vinylogous Urethane Vitrimers

Vinylogous Urethane Vitrimers

“My plastic dreams”: Towards an extended understanding of materiality and the shaping of consumer identities

Phenolic Resin-MWNT Nanocomposites Prepared through an in situ Polymerization Method

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