Hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline enhance survival, reducing apoptosis and oxidative stress in a rat model of strangulated closed loop small bowel obstruction

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Intestinal obstruction has a high mortality rate when therapeutic treatment is delayed. Resuscitation in intestinal obstruction requires a large volume of fluid, and fluid combinations have been studied. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of hypertonic saline solution (HS) with pentoxifylline (PTX) on apoptosis, oxidative stress and survival rate. METHODS: Wistar rats were subjected to intestinal obstruction and ischemia through a closed loop ligation of the terminal ileum and its vessels. After 24 hours, the necrotic bowel segment was resected, and the animals were randomized into four groups according to the following resuscitation strategies: Ringer's lactate solution (RL) (RL-32 ml/kg); RL+PTX (25 mg/kg); HS+PTX (HS, 7.5%, 4 ml/kg), and no resuscitation (IO-intestinal obstruction and ischemia). Euthanasia was performed 3 hours after resuscitation to obtain kidney and intestine samples. A malondialdehyde (MDA) assay was performed to evaluate oxidative stress, and histochemical analyses (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling [TUNEL], Bcl-2 and Bax) were conducted to evaluate kidney apoptosis. Survival was analyzed with another series of animals that were observed for 15 days. RESULTS: PTX in combination with RL or HS reduced the MDA levels (nmol/mg of protein), as follows: kidney IO=0.42; RL=0.49; RL+PTX=0.31; HS+PTX=0.34 ( p <0.05); intestine: IO=0.42; RL=0.48; RL+PTX=0.29; HS+PTX=0.26 ( p <0.05). The number of labeled cells for TUNEL and Bax was lower in the HS+PTX group than in the other groups ( p <0.05). The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio was lower in the HS+PTX group than in the other groups ( p <0.05). The survival rate on the 15 th day was higher in the HS+PTX group (77%) than in the RL+PTX group (11%). CONCLUSION: PTX in combination with HS enhanced survival and attenuated oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, when combined with RL, PTX did not reduce apoptosis or mortality.

TUNEL Assay: A Powerful Tool for Kidney Injury Evaluation

“…Sepsis induced in rats and mice by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin from bacterial capsules was strongly associated with TUNEL-positivity in proximal and distal tubules within 6–24 h after exposure [ 28 , 84 , 85 , 86 ]. Similar to the LPS-sepsis model, strangulated closed loop small bowel obstruction caused TUNEL-positivity in kidney in 3 h [ 87 ].…”

Structural and quantitative alterations of gut microbiota in experimental small bowel obstruction

“…In this study, we established a complete small bowel obstruction animal model using flexible PVC rings with the optimal size. Most complete bowel obstruction models were usually caused by ligating the intestines with silk threads [ 31 , 32 ]. However, these methods are unstable in practice since tightness and intensity of ligature cannot be controlled precisely.…”