2019
DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2019/e573
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Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is considered a promising new target for neurostimulation in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with postural instability and gait disturbance that is refractory to other treatment modalities. However, the PPN is typically difficult to visualize with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at clinical field strengths, which greatly limits the PPN as a viable surgical target for deep brain stimulation (DBS). Thus, the aim of this study is to directly visualize… Show more

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Cited by 6 publications
(4 citation statements)
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“…In the future, we would add the collection of these clinical indicators in the enrollment of subjects. Fifth, due to the limitation of 3.0 T MRI in studying small structures in the brain (Wang et al, 2019), the application of 7.0 T MRI in this study may provide more information in the future. Finally, this was a crosssectional study in which the follow-up of the subjects was not completed.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the future, we would add the collection of these clinical indicators in the enrollment of subjects. Fifth, due to the limitation of 3.0 T MRI in studying small structures in the brain (Wang et al, 2019), the application of 7.0 T MRI in this study may provide more information in the future. Finally, this was a crosssectional study in which the follow-up of the subjects was not completed.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, the stereotactic placement of electrodes is more variable than for the STN or GPi (Zrinzo et al, 2008;Hamani et al, 2016). Although the recently developed 7T ultrahigh-field MRI provides higherresolution neuroimages of the PPN (Cong et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2019), there are still limitations for clinical applications. Firstly, 7T scanners are not widely available for clinical use, the scanning is slow (Cong et al, 2018) and often not tolerated by some PD patients.…”
Section: Ppn Cholinergic Neuronsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, PPN‐DBS surgeries mostly rely on the indirect targeting method (Goetz et al, 2019) due to the unsatisfactory imaging effect of PPN. The identification of PPN based on non‐invasive imaging techniques has previously been performed on 7.0‐T ultrahigh‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners using the MP2RAGE sequence (Cong et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2019) and on a 1.5‐T MRI scanner using proton‐density MRI protocol (Zrinzo et al, 2008). In the studies based on 7.0‐T MR scanners, the authors benefited from the relatively high‐resolution (HR; 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 mm 3 isotropic) gray matter (GM) enhanced T1‐weighted (T1w) image to identify PPN from the surrounding white matter (WM) structures (Cong et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2019).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The identification of PPN based on non‐invasive imaging techniques has previously been performed on 7.0‐T ultrahigh‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners using the MP2RAGE sequence (Cong et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2019) and on a 1.5‐T MRI scanner using proton‐density MRI protocol (Zrinzo et al, 2008). In the studies based on 7.0‐T MR scanners, the authors benefited from the relatively high‐resolution (HR; 0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 mm 3 isotropic) gray matter (GM) enhanced T1‐weighted (T1w) image to identify PPN from the surrounding white matter (WM) structures (Cong et al, 2018; Wang et al, 2019). Nevertheless, due to the reticular nature of the mesencephalic locomotor region where PPN is embedded (Cury et al, 2022), and the low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of HR isotropic MR images, the PPN border presented by MP2RAGE images was ambiguous.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%