A Large Cardiac Metastasis of a Parathyroid Tumour Presenting with Ventricular Tachycardia

Can limonene be a possible candidate for evaluation as an agent or adjuvant against infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19?

“…Systemic infection and inflammation may cause acute thrombosis by activating platelets, vasoconstriction of the coronary artery, hypoxemia, enhanced sympathetic tone, altered heart rate, coagulation pattern, and impaired endothelium [ 68 ]. LMN has been shown to inhibit atherogenesis by inhibiting endothelial adhesion molecules, inducing an antiarrhythmic effect [ 69 ], and amelioration of acute myocardial injury by restoring hemodynamics, cardiac function, suppressing oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte cell death, and inflammation by inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/NF-κB pathway [ 39 , 69 ]. Infants exposed to LMN odors for 2 min had a significantly decreased heart rate and an increased parasympathetic nervous activity [ 70 ].…”

“… Diseased condition Experimental model Effects and mechanisms observed Ref. Pulmonary hypertension Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension, lung injury, & ventricular hypertrophy in rats - reduced pulmonary arterial media thickness, interstitial fibrosis - reduced macrophages and lymphocytes around the pulmonary veins [ 132 ] Acute lung injury Atomized LPS-induced acute lung injury in BALB/c mice - inhibited neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines - attenuated MPO activity and lung injury - prevented NF-κB activation in lungs [ 133 ] Acute lung injury Intratracheal instillation of LPS (0.5 mg/kg)-induced acute lung injury - reduced morpho- and histo-logical changes - inhibited inflammatory cytokines, myeloperoxidase - blocked phosphorylation of IκBα, NF-κB p65, p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK [ 89 ] Cardiac arrhythmias Cardiac arrhythmia in Langendorff model - improved hemodynamic and electrocardiographic changes in rats [ 69 ] Myocardial infarction Isoproterenol-induced murine MI model - attenuated ST elevation, infarct area, histopathology - restored antioxidants, suppressed apoptosis [ 38 ] Myocardial infarction Isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced myocardial infarction in rats - mitigated injury by MAPK/NF-κB pathway - improved hemodynamics and cardiac enzymes - inhibits inflammatory markers & infract area - inhibits apoptosis altering Bcl-2 and Bax [ 39 ] Dyslipidemia high-fat diet-fed obesity in C57BL/6 mice - reduced lipid accumulation and adipocytes - corrected lipid profile & fasting blood glucose - activated PPAR-α, and inhibited LXR-β signaling [ 58 ] Liver fibrosis CCl 4 -induced liver fibrosis in Wistar rats - prevented serum aminotransferases, total cholesterol - restored antioxidants & decreased MDA - decreased TNF-α, TGF-β, α-SMA and hydroxyproline [ 113 ] Acetaminophen-hepatotoxicity Cytochrome P450 isoform-specific substrates in the liver microsomes of mou...…”