Expression of TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines in the choroid and sclera of hypercholesterolemic rabbits

Torres, Rogil José de Almeida; Luchini, Andréa; Barberini, Lucas Younes; Précoma, Leonardo Brandão; Torres, Caroline Luzia de Almeida; Torres, Robson Antônio de Almeida; Noronha, Lúcia de; Erbano, Bruna Olandoski; Casella, Antônio Marcelo Barbante; Précoma, Dalton Bertolim

doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20140043

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…As discussed earlier, high LDL and low HDL contribute substantially to immunological upregulation in the development of atherosclerosis. Specifically, high concentrations of cholesterol increase the release of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in hypercholesteraemic rabbits and from cholesterol-treated macrophages in vitro [77,78]. IL-6 and TNFα levels are often increased in depressed patients and decreased by successful antidepressant therapy [79,80].…”

Section: Cholesterolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Lipid Biomarkers in Major Depression

et al. 2017

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In the UK, the lifetime-documented prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently 10%. Despite its increasing prevalence and devastating impact on quality of life, the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning MDD remain to be fully elucidated. Current theories of neurobiological components remain incomplete and protein-centric, rendering pharmacological treatment options suboptimal. In this review, we highlight the pivotal role of lipids in intra- and inter-neuronal functioning, emphasising the potential use of lipids as biomarkers for MDD. The latter has significant implications for improving our understanding of MDD at the cellular and circuit level. There is particular focus on cholesterol (high and low density lipoprotein), omega-3, and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids due to established evidence in the literature of a link between atherosclerotic disease and major depression. We argue that there is significant potential scope for the use of such peripheral biomarkers in the diagnosis, stratification and treatment of MDD.

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Section: Cholesterolmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Lipid Biomarkers in Major Depression

et al. 2017

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“…It has been found that high cholesterol levels, directly by binding to various membranebound 5-HT receptors or transporters or indirectly by altering the fluidity of the neuronal membrane and thereby the conformation of these structures, may lead to lower 5-HT receptor sensitivity or 5-HT transporter activity [17]. Furthermore, activation of inflammatory and immunological pathways and consequently increase in the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and IL-1β may be the other potential mechanisms of high concentrations of cholesterol in the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases [51,52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Simvastatin as Augmentative Therapy in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study

et al. 2020

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Background: Preliminary evidence is promising regarding the anxiolytic effects of statins in animal models of anxiety. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of simvastatin augmentation versus placebo in the treatment of patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with residual symptoms despite treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Methods: A double-blind, 8-week controlled trial was conducted from August 2018 to December 2019 in an outpatient psychiatry clinic in Hamadan, Iran. A total of 138 patients with a diagnosis of GAD were assessed for eligibility. Of them, 84 patients who met the study criteria were randomly assigned either to the adjuvant simvastatin (20 mg/day) or to the placebo group. Standard medication consisting of SSRIs was consistent 2 months prior to and during the study. The severity of anxiety symptoms for each patient was assessed based on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) score at baseline, week 4, and week 8 after treatment. Additionally, blood lipid values were assessed at baseline and on completion of the study. Results: Thirty-three out of 42 patients in the intervention group and 35 out of 42 patients in the control group completed the 8 weeks of the study period. Compared to the placebo group, in the simvastatin group cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein significantly decreased, and high-density lipoprotein significantly increased over time. General linear model analysis demonstrated that although over time a higher decrease in mean HAM-A scores was observed in the intervention group compared to the control group, this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.11). In addition, at the end of the study, the number of responders and remitters was comparable in the two groups. Conclusions: The results from this clinical study did not support the potential efficacy of adjunctive simvastatin in the treatment of patients with GAD. Thus, large-scale and long-term clinical trials are required to more accurately assess the potential efficacy of statins in the treatment of patients with anxiety disorders.

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“…A espessura desta cápsula fibrosa não é homogênea, podendo diferenciar dependendo do local mensurado (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11) , então, procurou-se neste estudo estabelecer locais fixos para avaliação destas medidas em todos os animais, tanto do grupo experimento, quanto do grupo controle. Todas as medidas foram mensuradas na região posterior da esclera, evitando a área de sutura, onde a reação inflamatória seria maior, como já evidenciado no estudo de Brandão, podendo haver interferência nos resultados (4) .…”

Section: Figuraunclassified

“…discutir as alterações encontradas na espessura destas escleras com implante (Figura 3), comparando com escleras normais (sem implante orbitário), avaliou-se a medida da esclera normal (EC) através da mesma metodologia descrita, utilizando os blocos de parafina do grupo controle (6) , os quais se encontravam arquivados no Laboratório do Departamento de Patologia da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), uma vez que neste grupo controle os animais apresentavam os mesmos padrões deste estudo (espécie, raça, sexo, idade, peso). As imagens e medidas obtidas destes blocos de parafina foram realizadas pela mesma pessoa, especializada em informática, que fez as medidas de nossas lâminas.…”

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