Simultaneous determination of paracetamol, caffeine and codeine in tablets and human plasma by micellar liquid chromatography

Abstract

A simple, rapid, sensitive and eco-friendly liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of paracetamol (PAR), caffeine (CAF) and codeine (COD). The separation was performed on cyano column using a micellar mobile phase consists of 140 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate, 25 mM phosphate buffer and 10% acetonitrile at pH = 3. The analysis was performed at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a column temperature of 30 °C under direct UV detection at 210 nm. Total analysis time was below 6 min. Baclofen (BCF) was used as an internal standard. The validation was performed according to the ICH guidelines. The proposed method was linear over the ranges of 0.2-100.0, 0.02-12.0 and 0.2-12.0 µg/mL for PAR, CAF and COD, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.031, 0.007 and 0.054 µg/mL and limits of quantification 0.103, 0.02 and 0.164 µg/mL for PAR, CAF and COD, respectively. The results show that the procedure is suitable for the routine analysis of drugs in tablet dosage forms. The method was further extended to the determination of the studied drugs in spiked human plasma with mean percentage recoveries of 99.61±0.530, 99.28±0.523 and 99.52±0.385 for PAR, CAF and COD, respectively.

The use of complex formation manner for spectrophotometric analysis of gatifloxacin drug based on Co(II), Ni(II) and La(III) ions

“…The limits of detection (LOD; the lowest amount of an analyte in a sample that can be detected by an analytical method) and limits of quantification (LOQ; the lowest amount of an analyte in a sample that can be quantitatively determined with acceptable accuracy) were calculated by using the following equations: LOD = (3 SD ) / b LOQ = (10 SD ) / b SD = [∑(X i – Ẍ) 2 / (N-1)] ½ where; SD is the standard deviation of the absorbance measurements, b is the slope of the calibration curve, X i is the absorbance, Ẍ is the mean value of X i and N is the number of runs [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Additionally, the relative standard deviation (RSD %), standard error (SE) and the percentage error (% Error) were calculated from the relations given as [ 43 , 44 ]; RSD = 100 (SD / Ẍ), SE = SD /√N % Error = 100 (SE / Ẍ) …”

“…where; SD is the standard deviation of the absorbance measurements, b is the slope of the calibration curve, X i is the absorbance, Ẍ is the mean value of X i and N is the number of runs [40,41,42]. Additionally, the relative standard deviation (RSD %), standard error (SE) and the percentage error (% Error) were calculated from the relations given as [43,44];…”

A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination

“…Reversed-phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) systems with C-18 or C-8 columns have been reported for the determination of codeine/codeine phosphate and other pharmaceutical active ingredients in dosage forms [ 83 , 84 , 85 ]. In addition, these systems have also been used to detect codeine and its active metabolites in biological samples [ 86 , 87 ]. C-18 columns are popular in RP-HPLC systems due to their relatively high organic/carbon contents, allowing for better interaction between the organic solutes/analytes with the stationary phase [ 88 ].…”

“…In addition to their ability to facilitate separation of compounds with a wide range of polarities, micellar media are greener alternatives since they involve a lower quantity of organic modifiers and generate less toxic waste in comparison with the conventional organic eluents [ 92 ]. Belal et al demonstrated MLC for the determination of paracetamol, caffeine, and codeine in tablets and human plasma [ 87 ]. They also assessed three different columns: C8, C18, and cyano columns, for the drug separation.…”

Analysis of Paracetamol, Pseudoephedrine and Brompheniramine in Comtrex® Tablets Using Chemometric Methods

“…[2,3] PAR is official in the British pharmacopoeia (BP). [4] Literature survey revealed that PAR alone or in combination with other drugs was determined by titrimetry, [4,5] spectrophotometry, [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] spectrofluorimetry, [13] thin layer chromatography (TLC), [14][15][16] GC, [17] HPLC-UV, [18][19][20][21][22][23] HPLC-MS/MS [24] and capillary electrophoresis (CE). [25][26][27] PSE; [(+)-threo-a-[1-methylamino) ethyl] benzyl alcohol] hydrochloride, is a sympathomimetic amine which directly acts on the adrenergic receptor system.…”