“…Thus, the BPNES has been translated and validated for several cultures, namely: Portuguese (Moutão et al.,s, 2012), Spanish (Moreno-Murcia et al., 2012; Sánchez & Núñez, 2007), Greek (Vlachopoulos & Neikou, 2007), British (Vlachopoulos & Neikou, 2007), Brazilian (Costa et al., 2017), and Turkish (Vlachopoulos et al., 2013). In addition, research studies have consistently shown this instrument to be equivalent across gender (Vlachopoulos, 2008) and cultures (Cid et al., 2016; Costa et al., 2017; Vlachopoulos et al., 2010, 2013). Specifically in Portugal, this scale has been psychometrically evaluated in several domains, such as exercise (Moutão et al., 2012), physical education (Pires et al., 2010), and sports (Monteiro et al., 2016).…”