“…In addition, the structure of fiber and its relationship with water in the lumen greatly influence convective efficiency and microbial dynamics throughout the intestine (Incharoen & Maneechote, 2013;Yokhana, Parkinson, & Frankel, 2015). Rufino et al (2017) and Rufino et al (2021) reported that great variations in the fiber levels applied to poultry diets may result in both positive and negative effects, where moderate levels tend to be the better recommendation. Normally, these effects are caused by the interaction between the type and fiber content (soluble and insoluble), birds' age, and nutritional quality of inhaled non-starch polysaccharides, making fiber acts in different forms on birds' metabolism (Kalmendal, Elwinger, Holm, & Tauson, 2011;Mohiti-Asli et al, 2012;Mtei, Abdollahi, Schreurs, Girish, & Ravindran, 2019).…”