Exercise, Osteoporosis, and Bone Geometry

Harding, Amy T; Beck, Belinda R.

doi:10.3390/sports5020029

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…Unfortunately, so far, there is no single safe medication for osteoporosis, as all of the available drugs have serious adverse effects and some of them are a potential danger to life . In this respect, osteogenic exercise offers safer anabolic therapy for osteoporosis prevention and care …”

Section: Mechanisms and Side Effects Of Osteoporosis Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel insights into the complex architecture of osteoporosis molecular genetics

Saad

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Osteoporosis is a prevalent osteodegenerative disease and silent killer linked to a decrease in bone mass and decline of bone microarchitecture, due to impaired bone matrix mineralization, raising the risk of fracture. Nevertheless, the process of bone matrix mineralization is still an unsolved mystery. Osteoporosis is a polygenic disorder associated with genetic and environmental risk factors; however, the majority of genes associated with osteoporosis remain largely unknown. Several signaling pathways regulate bone mass; therefore, dysregulation of a single signaling pathway leads to metabolic bone disease owing to high or low bone mass. Parathyroid hormone, core‐binding factor α‐1 (Cbfa1), Wnt/β‐catenin, the receptor activator of the nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) ligand (RANKL), myostatin, and osteogenic exercise signaling pathways play pivotal roles in the regulation of bone mass. The myostatin signaling pathway increases bone resorption by activating the RANKL signaling pathway, whereas osteogenic exercise inhibits myostatin and sclerostin while inducing irisin that consequentially activates the Cbfa1 and Wnt/β‐catenin bone formation pathways. The aims of this review are to summarize what is known about osteoporosis‐related signaling pathways; define the role of these pathways in osteoporosis drug discovery; focus light on the link between bone, muscle, pancreas, and adipose integrative physiology and osteoporosis; and underline the emerging role of osteogenic exercise in the prevention of, and care for, osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes.

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Section: Mechanisms and Side Effects Of Osteoporosis Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel insights into the complex architecture of osteoporosis molecular genetics

Saad

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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“…(17,18) This supports that MAT functions as an accessible energy depot. (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45) We thus hypothesized that in caloric restriction, MAT's physiologic role differs from the calorie-replete state. The pathologic bone loss due to anorexia/caloric restriction shows a minimal anabolic-bone response to exercise and maintains a significant fracture risk for years after successful weight gain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(33)(34)(35) This stands in contrast to the exercise effect to increase bone formation while decreasing resorption in the calorie-replete state. (36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45) We thus hypothesized that in caloric restriction, MAT's physiologic role differs from the calorie-replete state. The reports of increased MAT in calorie restriction, (28,29) combined with increased fracture risk, suggest that the MAT energy depot may be subverted in the energy-depleted state.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise Degrades Bone in Caloric Restriction, Despite Suppression of Marrow Adipose Tissue (MAT)

McGrath

Sankaran

Misaghian‐Xanthos

et al. 2019

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) and its relevance to skeletal health during caloric restriction (CR) is unknown: It remains unclear whether exercise, which is anabolic to bone in a calorie‐replete state, alters bone or MAT in CR. We hypothesized that response of bone and MAT to exercise in CR differs from the calorie‐replete state. Ten‐week‐old female B6 mice fed a regular diet (RD) or 30% CR diet were allocated to sedentary (RD, CR, n = 10/group) or running exercise (RD‐E, CR‐E, n = 7/group). After 6 weeks, CR mice weighed 20% less than RD, p < 0.001; exercise did not affect weight. Femoral bone volume (BV) via 3D MRI was 20% lower in CR versus RD (p < 0.0001). CR was associated with decreased bone by μCT: Tb.Th was 16% less in CR versus RD, p < 0.003, Ct.Th was 5% less, p < 0.07. In CR‐E, Tb.Th was 40% less than RD‐E, p < 0.0001. Exercise increased Tb.Th in RD (+23% RD‐E versus RD, p < 0.003) but failed to do so in CR. Cortical porosity increased after exercise in CR (+28%, p = 0.04), suggesting exercise during CR is deleterious to bone. In terms of bone fat, metaphyseal MAT/ BV rose 159% in CR versus RD, p = 0.003 via 3D MRI. Exercise decreased MAT/BV by 52% in RD, p < 0.05, and also suppressed MAT in CR (−121%, p = 0.047). Histomorphometric analysis of adipocyte area correlated with MAT by MRI (R2 = 0.6233, p < 0.0001). With respect to bone, TRAP and Sost mRNA were reduced in CR. Intriguingly, the repressed Sost in CR rose with exercise and may underlie the failure of CR‐bone quantity to increase in response to exercise. Notably, CD36, a marker of fatty acid uptake, rose 4088% in CR (p < 0.01 versus RD), suggesting that basal increases in MAT during calorie restriction serve to supply local energy needs and are depleted during exercise with a negative impact on bone. © 2019 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

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“…In animal models, the mechanical load in uences the bone's geometry and therefore its strength; and in order to provide maximum anabolic stimulation to the bone, high levels of tension must be applied at rapid rates and of varying natures [48]. This type of stimulation effects can be observed in sports performed with balls, soccer, basketball, and volleyball.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can the sedentary behavior of young male basketball and volleyball players impact the bone mass and bone geometry?

Etchebehere

Bergamo

Carvalho

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Sedentary behavior is considered a health risk independent of physical activity. We evaluated the relationship between sedentary behavior, bone mass, and bone geometry among young male basketball and volleyball players.Methods: Fifty-five athletes (basketball n=21; volleyball n=34) aged 14 to 17 years old were included. Body composition and bone mass were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, comprising bone mineral density, bone mineral content at the lumbar spine (L1-L4), and femoral neck. Bone quality was evaluated by bone geometry considering the femur strength index, section modulus, cross-sectional moment of inertia, and cross-sectional area. Information on all foods and beverages were obtained by a nutritionist through a 24-hour food recall and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The sedentary behavior was assessed using the Adolescent Sedentary Activity Questionnaire. A series of multilevel linear regression models were fitted to explore whether there was variation for players' body composition, bone parameters, diary nutrient intake and sedentary behavior by sport. All models were fitted using Bayesian methods.Results: Body composition and bone mass values were high for both basketball and volleyball players. However, there was no substantial variation between players by sport for body composition. Adjusting for age, there was no association of sedentary behavior on both bone mass and geometry among the athletes. Except for femoral strength index, age had a substantial moderate to large association with all bone mass and geometry indicators. Lastly, there was no substantial influence of sport (level-2 unit) on the estimates of the association between sedentary behavior and age with bone mass and geometry, as uncertainty estimates for group-level effects were high. Conclusions: In conclusion, there is no association between sedentary behaviour and bone mass and bone geometry, showing that accumulated training loads (15+ h/week) among young basketball and volleyball players are critical; they produce a positive stimulus on bone mass and bone geometry development.

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Exercise, Osteoporosis, and Bone Geometry

Cited by 41 publications

References 85 publications

Novel insights into the complex architecture of osteoporosis molecular genetics

Novel insights into the complex architecture of osteoporosis molecular genetics

Exercise Degrades Bone in Caloric Restriction, Despite Suppression of Marrow Adipose Tissue (MAT)

Can the sedentary behavior of young male basketball and volleyball players impact the bone mass and bone geometry?

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