Electrochemical Sensors for Determination of Bromate in Water and Food Samples—Review

Abstract

The application of potassium bromate in the baking industry is used in most parts of the world to avert the human health compromise that characterizes bromates carcinogenic effect. Herein, various methods of its analysis, especially the electrochemical methods of bromate detection, were extensively discussed. Amperometry (AP), cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are the techniques that have been deployed for bromate detection in the last two decades, with 50%, 23%, 7.7%, 7.7%, 7.7% and 3.9% application, respectively. Despite the unique electrocatalytic activity of metal phthalocyanine (MP) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), only few sensors based on MP and CQDs are available compared to the conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal (oxide) and graphene-based sensors. This review emboldens the underutilization of CQDs and metal phthalocyanines as sensing materials and briefly discusses the future perspective on MP and CQDs application in bromate detection via EIS.

A tetrahedron-shaped polyoxoantimotungstate encapsulating a hexanuclear octahedral lanthanide-oxo cluster for an amperometric bromate sensor

“…Furthermore, potassium bromate is widely employed in baking processes as an economical and effective dough improver. 1,2 Given the ubiquity of bromate in our lives, quick analytical techniques to determine bromate content are crucial. To date, various techniques have been developed for the determination of bromate, including chromatography, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, 3 chemiluminescence, fluorescence spectrometry 4 and electrochemical analysis.…”

Complex Dynamic Behavior During the Electro-Reduction of Bromate Ions

“…[8][9][10][11] Among the methods used to measure bromate levels, electrochemistry is an attractive approach due to it being (i) rapid, (ii) quantitative, (iii) reliable and (iv) implementable at the point-of-care. [12][13][14] The electrochemical behavior of bromate is also being explored for incorporation into energy storage devices such as fuel cells and redox flow-batteries. For example, the H 2 -Bromate flow battery (HBFB) shows promising performance in an air deficient environment and the theoretical energy density of HBFB is higher than the H 2 -O 2 fuel cells.…”