Determination of Ethanol in Gel Hand Sanitizers Using Mid and Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Fonseca, Fernando Stopato da; Brito, Lívia Rodrigues e; Pimentel, Maria Fernanda; Leal, Leila Bastos

doi:10.21577/0103-5053.20200115

Cited by 16 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…2 ) associated predominantly with the presence of water and ethanol in the sanitizer composition. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values obtained after model validation were improved when compared to those obtained previously by using NIRS and an instrument significantly more expensive [14] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…The literature lacks in describing direct analytical methods for quality control of the composition of ethanol-based sanitizers. So far, only one communication very recently published on-line describes the determination of ethanol in hand sanitizers using infrared (IR) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) [14] . This communication attempted to determine the ethanol content of sanitizers neglecting the effect of interferents and employing costly NIRS instrumentation (above US$ 20,000), which restricts their extensive use by small companies and by inspection agencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring the quality of ethanol-based hand sanitizers by low-cost near-infrared spectroscopy

Pasquini

Silva

Cruz

et al. 2020

Microchemical Journal

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring the quality of ethanol-based hand sanitizers by low-cost near-infrared spectroscopy

Pasquini

Silva

Cruz

et al. 2020

Microchemical Journal

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“…Other analytical methods used for the determination of alcohols in ABHRs include Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy for gel-based hand sanitisers. 16 Most of the products analysed contained ethanol as their active ingredient, with only two found to contain isopropanol and one product contained a mixture of ethanol and isobutanol. Ethanol was the preferred alcohol over propanols for ABHR formulations because of its superior virucidal activity and its skin tolerance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?

Yusuf

2021

S. Afr. J. Sci.

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Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 – the causative agent of COVID-19 – can be prevented through non-pharmaceutical interventions such as observing proper hand hygiene using alcohol-based hand rubs/sanitisers (ABHRs) as recommended by the WHO and local health authorities. However, this recommendation has led to high demand for ABHRs and proliferation of sub-standard products, which do not contain the recommended amount of alcohol. Fifty products of different origins and formulations obtained off-the-shelf and in public places in and around Pretoria (South Africa) were analysed for their alcohol content using gas chromatography. Ethanol was the most common alcohol used in the products, followed by isopropanol. Only 21 (42%) of the products analysed contained at least 70% alcohol; of these only 14 (28%) met the WHO recommended 80±5% alcohol content to have a virucidal effect on SARS-CoV-2. Of the 41 commercial off-the-shelf products analysed, 27 (66%) contained less than 70% alcohol in comparison to 13% of homemade products. Only 18% of gel products contained 70% alcohol, compared with 47% for liquid-based products. Most of the products did not contain the appropriate or correct declaration as recommended by the South African National Standards (SANS 289 and 490). The proliferation of substandard ABHRs is of great public health concern and calls for stricter regulations and enforcement in order to protect consumers, their rights and well-being during and post the COVID-19 pandemic period. However, in the interim, formulation of ABHRs using the WHO guidelines should be mandatory, as such formulations, when made correctly, do have the required virucidal effect against SARS-CoV-2.

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“…Products formulated with alcohol levels close to the 60% lower limit risk the active ingredient content falling below the threshold during processing, transport, storage or use as constituent alcohols may evaporate. Post market surveillance reports by regulatory authorities in a number of countries have found some products with alcohol assays below threshold limits [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Section: Faces Of the Tetrahedron: Inputsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective

Abuga

Nyamweya²

2021

Pharmacy

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The global use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) as an important means of controlling the transmission of infectious disease has increased significantly as governments and public health agencies across the world advocated hand hygiene as a preventative measure during the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the performance of these products is most commonly defined as a function of their alcohol concentration, they are multifaceted products in which an interplay of several factors is important in determining efficacy. This paper discusses the interplay between ABHS input (formulation) factors and output (product performance) factors in the context of a multidimensional perspective using a novel representative paradigm. In the model, represented in the form of a three-dimensional tetrahedron, each of the faces represents inputs in the manufacturing of the ABHS product, which are the type and amount of alcohol, the inactive ingredients, the formulation and the manufacturing practices. The four corners of the tetrahedron represent the product performance factors which include product efficacy, sensory characteristics, usage and compliance and product safety. The multidimensional approach to the formulation and evaluation of ABHS shows that several factors contribute to the effectiveness and utility of these products. The paradigm provides a useful framework for manufacturers of ABHS and related healthcare products.

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Determination of Ethanol in Gel Hand Sanitizers Using Mid and Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

Monitoring the quality of ethanol-based hand sanitizers by low-cost near-infrared spectroscopy

Monitoring the quality of ethanol-based hand sanitizers by low-cost near-infrared spectroscopy

Determination of alcohols in hand sanitisers: Are off-the-shelf hand sanitisers what they claim to be?

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers in COVID-19 Prevention: A Multidimensional Perspective

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