An Environmentally Friendly Procedure to Obtain Flavonoids From Brazilian Citrus Waste

Abstract

Currently, most food waste is used as animal feed and this process does not take advantage of the available chemical composition. A Brazilian example is the citrus fruit processing wastes (CFPW), which have begun to draw attention due to their biological importance. In order to access the main compounds of this matrix, an efficient and environmentally friendly procedure was tested. From this extract, flavonoids as naringenin, hesperitin, chrysoeriol, sinensetin, 3,5,6,7,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone, nobiletin, 5-methoxysalvigenin, 3,5,6,7,8,3',4'-heptamethoxyflavone, 3,5,6,7,4'-pentamethoxyflavone and isosakuranetin were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and liquid chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR). This study describes the potential use of citrus waste as a source of biologically active compounds. The extraction method proposed for this work was not expensive and the flavonoids were obtained in large amounts, thus, this extraction method is being developed using pilot plant scale-up techniques and will soon be available to the industry at a low cost.

Quantification of flavonoids isolated from Mentha spicata in selected clones of Turkish mint landraces

“…The extraction method developed was inexpensive and the flavonoids could be obtained on a large scale. 18 Citrus fruit extract including hesperidin, sinensetin, and other flavonoids displayed promising in vitro antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial activities. It was suggested that consumption of the entire fruit, rather than its single compounds, may be more beneficial for health due to the complex mixture of compounds' interactions.…”

Integrating Green and Sustainable Chemistry into Undergraduate Teaching Laboratories: Closing and Assessing the Loop on the Basis of a Citrus Biorefinery Approach for the Biocircular Economy in Brazil

“…The orange production scenario in São Paulo shows great potential as a citrus-based biorefinery, and our research group, in collaboration with local industries and institutions from Brazil and abroad, has developed concepts and applications for such biorefineries. , As a result, this can be considered a good example of cooperation toward chemical innovation in the orange supply chain, established together with Fundecitrus, citrus farmers, and processing companies. , …”

“…11 The orange production scenario in Saõ Paulo shows great potential as a citrus-based biorefinery, and our research group, in collaboration with local industries and institutions from Brazil and abroad, has developed concepts and applications for such biorefineries. 12,13 As a result, this can be considered a good example of cooperation toward chemical innovation in the orange supply chain, established together with Fundecitrus, citrus farmers, and processing companies. 14,15 The teaching practice focused on orange production and processing in the state of Saõ Paulo, Brazil, as a base for developing a guided investigative laboratory practice on extracting valuable products from orange waste, incorporating GS chemistry concepts and methods.…”

Sustainable Single-Stage Solid–Liquid Extraction of Hesperidin and Rutin from Agro-Products Using Cyrene

“…Generally, a single-stage extraction cannot meet these conditions, and a repeated (multistage) extraction is used . In many cases, large amounts of solvents are needed in multistage extractions and the yields of bioactive products obtained are low . One of the goals to increase the extraction yield is raising the solvent capacity to dissolve the compound of interest by changing temperature or mixing solvents.…”

“…44 In many cases, large amounts of solvents are needed in multistage extractions and the yields of bioactive products obtained are low. 45 One of the goals to increase the extraction yield is raising the solvent capacity to dissolve the compound of interest by changing temperature or mixing solvents. Extraction yield of any substance depends on solubility; therefore, the choice of solvents used in extraction experiments must be performed according to the analyte's physical− chemical properties.…”