Exploring Vascular Function Biomarkers: Implications for Rehabilitation

Abstract

The endothelium plays an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis and regulating blood vessel function. Endothelial function is considered an independent predictor for risk of future cardiovascular events in cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular patients, as well as a predictor for postoperative complications in cardiovascular surgery patients. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation by high-resolution ultrasound is widely used to evaluate endothelium-dependent vasodilation, which is mainly mediated by nitric oxide release. Physical exercise exerts beneficial effects on endothelial function and can be used in both primary and secondary prevention of cardiac and peripheral artery diseases, even in the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery.

Noninvasive measurements of hemodynamic, autonomic and endothelial function as predictors of mortality in sepsis: A prospective cohort study

“…Ultrasound analysis of brachial artery reactivity in response to ischemia stimulus provides an important estimate of microvascular and endothelial function/dysfunction [ 10 ]. Post-cuff occlusion flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a noninvasive method that have been considered as an indicator of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability [ 11 ]. Recent evidence demonstrates FMD is reduced in septic patients and may be a marker of end organ damage and mortality.…”

“…Absolute FMD was calculated as the following: ΔFMD = RH diameter (mm)–BSL diameter (mm). FMD% response to exercise was calculated as following: FMD response = %FMD 15min–%FMD rest [ 11 ].…”

Effectiveness of anthocyanin-containing foods and nutraceuticals in mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cardiovascular health-related biomarkers: a systematic review of animal and human interventions

“…The endothelium regulates vascular tone by releasing various vasoconstrictor and vasodilator mediators, including endothelin-1 (ET-1). 160 Vascular dysfunction is a strong predictor for CVD and is linked to implicated health events in those with atherosclerosis. 161 Endothelial dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disorders and is represented by impaired vascular tone, heightened inflammatory reactions, and disrupted redox balance, 162 making it a therapeutic target for both drug and nutrition interventions.…”

“…Reductions in FMD are recognised as indicators of atherosclerosis and CVD. 160 BP measures the heart's force to pump blood around the body. High BP, otherwise known as hypertension, is linked with decreased vascular function by promoting arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction.…”

Análise de sinais biológicos por meio da cardioimpedância, da variabilidade da frequência cardíaca e de imagens ultrassonográficas da artéria braquial como ferramentas não invasivas precoces na sepse: um estudo prospectivo

“…Neste sentido, parece ser relevante que a resposta frente ao estresse mecânico, provocado pelo represamento sanguíneo na fase de oclusão, foi importantemente deprimida, e de forma precoce, naqueles pacientes do GNS. Essa compressão ocorrida na artéria braquial provoca uma hiperemia reativa, assim, na fase de liberação do fluxo, imediatamente estimula a atividade da NO sintetase (NOs) endotelial, a qual aumenta a produção de óxido nítrico, que é difundido para as células musculares lisas da camada média, causando vasodilatação endotélio-dependente (shear stress)(PHILLIPS et al, 2017). Estudos prévios em indivíduos saldáveis, considera-se que a media da variação do diâmetro calculado do vaso seja em torno de 10%.No presente estudo, observamos alterações significativas da % FMD para o GNS em contraste ao GS nos pacientes com sepse (Tabela 6).…”