Sex effects on the association between sarcopenia EWGSOP and osteoporosis in outpatient older adults: data from the SARCOS study

Abstract

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the association between sarcopenia (EWGSOP) and osteoporosis in older adults. Subjects and methods: This is a cross sectional analysis of a baseline evaluation of the SARCopenia and OSteoporosis in Older Adults with Cardiovascular Diseases Study (SARCOS). Three hundred and thirty-two subjects over 65 years of age were evaluated. Sarcopenia was determined by EWGSOP flowchart and Osteoporosis was established by WHO's criteria. Physical function, comorbidities and medications were evaluated. Results: Women were older (79.8 ± 7.2 years) than men (78.21 ± 6.7 years) (p = 0.042). Osteoporosis occurred in 24.8% of men, and in 42.7% of women (p < 0.001); sarcopenia occurred in 25.5% of men and in 17.7%, of women (p = 0.103). Osteoporosis was diagnosed in 68% of sarcopenic women, however only 20.7% (p = 0.009) of women with osteoporosis had sarcopenia; in older men, 44.7% of individuals with sarcopenia presented osteoporosis and 42.9% (p = 0.013) of men with osteoporosis showed sarcopenia. In an adjusted logistic regression analyses for sarcopenia, osteoporosis presented a statistically significant association with sarcopenia in men [OR: 2.930 (95% CI: 1.044-8.237; p = 0.041)] but not in women [OR: 2.081 (0.787-5.5; p = 0.142)]; in the adjusted logistic regression analyses for osteoporosis, a statistically significant association occurred in men [OR: 2.984 (95% CI: 1.144-7.809; p = 0.025)], but not in women [OR: 2.093 (0.962-3.714; p = 0.137)]. Conclusion: According to sex, there are significant differences in the association between sarcopenia EWGSOP and osteoporosis in outpatient older adults. It is strong and significant in males; in females, despite showing a positive trend, it was not statistically significant.

Long-Term Moderate Exercise Combined with Metformin Treatment Induces an Hormetic Response That Prevents Strength and Muscle Mass Loss in Old Female Wistar Rats

“…Several longitudinal studies have shown that regular exercise can extend life expectancy and reduce the morbidity of the elderly [9]. The difference in prevalence of sarcopenia between men and women is somewhat controversial; some reports suggest that men have a higher incidence, while others propose the contrary [11–13]. However, it is known that in women, there is a special relationship between sarcopenia and osteoporosis.…”

“…It has been reported that 68% of women diagnosed with sarcopenia have osteoporosis, while 20% of women aged diagnosed with osteoporosis have sarcopenia. Something similar happens in elderly men, but to a less extend [13, 14]. Therefore, in this study, we decided to use female rats as our experimental group.…”

Enhanced Risk of Osteoporotic Fracture in Patients with Sarcopenia: A National Population-Based Study in Taiwan

“…This sex difference may be explained by the higher prevalence of osteoporosis in older women than in older men with sarcopenia, which may be justified by the earlier estrogenic deprivation caused by menopause in females. In addition, the decline in estrogen levels associated with menopause could not only cause a rapid loss of bone density but also lead to a decrease in muscle mass and muscle strength [ 35 ], which echoes the finding by Frisoli et al of a higher prevalence of osteoporosis in sarcopenic women than sarcopenic men [ 36 ]. However, a recent meta-analysis claimed a relatively higher fracture risk in males than in female patients with sarcopenia (odds ratio: 2.52 versus 1.98), albeit with high heterogeneity among the enrolled studies [ 30 ].…”

A pooled analysis of the association between sarcopenia and osteoporosis

“…The bibliographies of relevant studies were also searched, and 2 additional studies [24,25] were identified to be eligible. Ultimately, 56 studies [6–14,21,24–69] involving 796,914 participants were included. Of these, 38 studies [6,9–11,13,21,25,27–29,31–33,35,37–39,41–43,45,47–49,51,52,54–56,58,59,61–63,65–68] comprising 50 independent studies examined the contribution of sarcopenia to osteoporosis, 17 studies [6–8,12,14,24,26,30,34,36,44,50,52,53,57,64,69] with 405,847 participants examined the contribution of osteoporosis to sarcopenia, and 5 studies [61–65] comprising 7 independent studies with 171,514 participants examined the decrease in osteoporosis risk for each standard deviation (SD) increase in relative appendicular skeletal muscle mass (RASM) (Fig.…”