Transdermal iontophoretic delivery of timolol maleate

Patni, Mayur; Puranik, P. K.; Sonawane, Aravind R; Panzade, Prabhakar

doi:10.1590/s1984-82502012000400026

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(14 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The formulations are prepared in an aqueous vehicle, such as hydrogels, and the drug is ionized. The drug diffusion is driven by the electroosmotic flow due to the electric field (Gratieri, Gelfuso, Lopez, 2008;Alexander et al, 2012;Patni et al, 2012;Gratieri, Kalia, 2013;Saluja et al, 2013).…”

Section: In Vitro Evaluation Of the Skin Permeation Of Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal formulations

Ruela

Perissinato

Lino

et al. 2016

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

197

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The skin barrier function has been attributed to the stratum corneum and represents a major challenge in clinical practice pertaining to cutaneous administration of drugs. Despite this, a large number of bioactive compounds have been successfully administered via cutaneous administration because of advances in the design of topical and transdermal formulations. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of these novel drug delivery systems are necessary to characterize their quality and efficacy. This review covers the most well-known methods for assessing the cutaneous absorption of drugs as an auxiliary tool for pharmaceutical formulation scientists in the design of drug delivery systems. In vitro methods as skin permeation assays using Franz-type diffusion cells, cutaneous retention and tape-stripping methods to study the cutaneous penetration of drugs, and in vivo evaluations as pre-clinical pharmacokinetic studies in animal models are discussed. Alternative approaches to cutaneous microdialysis are also covered. Recent advances in research on skin absorption of drugs and the effect of skin absorption enhancers, as investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy, Raman confocal microscopy, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, are reviewed. Uniterms:Skin absorption/effects/study. Skin absorption/topical formulations. Skin absorption/ transdermal formulations. Skin absorptions/enhancers. INTRODUCTIONTopical and transdermal drug delivery systems have shown significant advantages in clinical practice for drug targeting to the action site in the body; this has reduced the systemic side effects. The administration of drugs by through the skin is also performed to achieve controlled or prolonged drug delivery, and this route can be explored as an alternative to the oral route. The oral route shows some limitations for drugs with irregular absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and low bioavailability and for drugs with increased first pass metabolism and short plasma halflife times (Barry, 2001;Wokovich et al., 2006;Prausnitz, Langer, 2009;Alexander et al., 2012).Many drug products applied to the skin surface may penetrate to some extent into the skin layers, where their effects are expected. This is the case for topical formulations for treatment of skin disorders such as acne and cutaneous inflammatory diseases that include dermatitis, erythematous lupus, and psoriasis. On the other hand, transdermal formulations release drugs that permeate through the skin and enter the systemic circulation. Transdermal therapy must ensure that significant concentrations of the drug are absorbed to reach effective plasma concentrations. Permeation of drugs is targeted in some cases to body regions close to the action site, where a regional effect is expected, e.g., in the muscles, blood vessels, and articulations. In this way, the term "cutaneous absorption" is properly used to characterize the sum of the amounts of drug that penetrate and permeate the skin (Barry, 2001;El Maghraby, Barry;Willi...

show abstract

Section: In Vitro Evaluation Of the Skin Permeation Of Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of skin absorption of drugs from topical and transdermal formulations

Ruela

Perissinato

Lino

et al. 2016

Braz. J. Pharm. Sci.

197

112

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It is then attracted to the anode (positive electrode) by the potential of the battery. Considering the cationic form of drug, the electrode polarities are reversed in this case 36,37 .…”

Section: Fig 2: Schematic Representation Of Iontophoresis Devicementioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2017

IJPSR

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT:The skin has been used as a medium for systemic delivery of therapeutic agents. The resistance provided by the stratum corneum is the major barrier in delivering of the agents through skin. Due to this the number of drug molecules used under this category is limited. Iontophoresis is an efficient technique for physically enhancing conveyance of molecules across skin for local and systemic effects. The main feature offered by iontophoresis is the control offered by it in dose modulation by adjustment of current applied to undergo the process. It is suitable as an alternative for parenteral route as it is pain free and cost effective technique. The flux associated with iontophoretic treatment is described along with its applications in the article. The future aspects of iontophoretic treatment and the medications currently available are included in this article. Iontophoresis as a treatment regimen has gained popularity in relatively less treatment methodology but the concept should be well popularized as it offers enhancement to transdermal drug delivery system. This system being non invasive, pain free and with minimum side effects must be made use of in most of the treatment regimen.

show abstract