Autonomic regulation of heart rate during specific dynamic action associated with digestion in the bullfrog Lithobates catesbeianus

The Effects of Feeding on Cardiac Control of the Broad‐Nosed Caiman (Caiman latirostris): The Role of the Autonomic Nervous System and NANC Factors

“…The studies by Wang et al (2001b), Skovgaard et al (2009), Iversen et al (2010, and Claësson et al (2015) demonstrated that the postprandial f H increase seen in Dicentrarchus labrax (Infraclass Teleostei), B. constrictor, P. regius (Order Squamata), and Lithobates catesbeianus (Order Anura) is primarily determined by a reduction in cholinergic tone and by NANC factors (with the exception of D. labrax, which does not exhibit NANC influences). In contrast, the current study showed that, in C. latirostris, the digestion process triggered a ß33% increase in adrenergic tone, while cholinergic tone remained virtually unchanged ( Fig.…”

“…However, some studies have already demonstrated the involvement of the autonomic nervous system in f H mediation during the specific dynamic action of ectothermic and endothermic animals. In most ectothermic vertebrates, postprandial tachycardia is mainly triggered by a withdrawal of vagal tone combined with the action of NANC factors (Wang et al., ; Skovgaard et al., ; Iversen et al., ; Enok et al., ; Claësson et al., ). On the other hand, such tachycardia seems to be associated with increased adrenergic activity that may be combined with NANC signaling in mammals (Rothwell et al., ; Young et al., ; Acheson et al., ; Diamond and LeBlanc, ; Astrup et al., ), although there are some controversies about such adrenergic participation (Nacht et al., ; Campbell et al., ; Thörn and Wahren, ).…”

“…The importance of NANC factors in determining postprandial tachycardia has also been extensively investigated, and their participation in the control of cardiac adjustments during specific dynamic action has been observed in almost all vertebrates studied to date (Waaler et al., , Enok et al., , Claësson et al., )—with rare exceptions (Iversen et al., ). However, the nature of these factors remains poorly understood, and while some studies have identified certain NANC molecules with positive cardiac chronotropic effects acting during digestion, such as intestinal polypeptide (Rigel, ), insulin (Baron, ), and histamine (Skovgaard et al., ; Burggren et al., ), the huge range of possibilities hinders the investigations.…”

Efeitos da injeção de LPS, da alimentação e da alimentação contaminada na modulação do sistema imune e endócrino de rãs (Lithobates catesbeianus)

“…Rãs' World is a commercial supplier of bullfrogs where the animals are bred in captivity under controlled feeding (fish feed; Poli-Peixe 400 Intensivo, Nutrição Animal -Poli-Nutri, #400 E) and environmental conditions (24±4ºC and humidity >80%). In the laboratory, the frogs were individually kept in opaque plastic containers (37 cm height and 30 cm diameter) for 10 days before experimental procedures in a climate chamber at 25±1ºC with an 11:13 light: dark cycle (lights on at 6 am and off at 5 pm), fasting but with free access to water according to previous studies Claësson et al, 2015). Four days before the experimental procedures, all individuals had their body mass (260.58±36.86 g; mean±standard deviation; empty bladders) and snout-vent length (141.01±5.31 mm) measured.…”

“…In the laboratory, the frogs were individually kept in opaque plastic containers (37 cm height and 30 cm diameter) before (30 days) and during experimental procedures (15 days) in a climate chamber at 25±1ºC with an 11:13 light: dark cycle (lights on at 6 am and off at 5 pm). Bullfrogs were fed twice a week and seven days before experimental procedures the animals were fasting, but with free access to water, according to previous studies Claësson et al, 2015). Four days before the experimental procedures, all individuals had their body mass (273.79±31.88 g; mean±standard deviation; empty bladders) and snout-vent length (135.12±4.03 mm) measured.…”