Anthelmintic effect of thymol and thymol acetate on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and their toxicity in mice

André, Weibson Paz Pinheiro; Cavalcante, Géssica Soares; Ribeiro, Wesley Lyeverton Correia; Santos, J. M. L. dos; Macedo, Iara Térsia Freitas; Paula, Haroldo C.B.; Morais, Selene Maia de; Melo, Janaina Viana de; Beviláqua, Cláudia Maria Leal

doi:10.1590/s1984-29612017056

Cited by 51 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In an acute toxicity test in mice, the median lethal dose (LD50) of thymol was 1.35 g/kg when administered in a single oral dose, whereas the LD50 of the essential oil of thyme (containing, mainly, carvacrol, 45.5%; André et al, ) and Thymus broussonetii (36.7% of thymol; Elhabazi et al, ) were reported to be above 4.00 and 4.47 g/kg, respectively. In rats, the orally LD50 of thymol, thyme, and a thymol oil–water emulsion (10%) was 0.98 g/kg (Jenner, Hagan, Taylor, Cook, & Fitzhugh, ), 2.84 g/kg (Basch et al, ), and 2.46 g/kg, respectively (Gad, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses

Salehi

Mishra

Shukla

et al. 2018

Phytotherapy Research

344

203

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Thymol is a naturally occurring phenol monoterpene derivative of cymene and isomer of carvacrol. Thymol (10-64%) is one of the major constituent of essential oils of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L., Lamiaceae), a medicinal plant with several therapeutic properties. This plant, native to Mediterranean regions, is commonly used as a culinary herb and also with a long history of use for different medicinal purposes. Nowadays, thymol and thyme present a wide range of functional possibilities in pharmacy, food, and cosmetic industry. The interest in the formulation of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmeceuticals based on thymol is due to several studies that have evaluated the potential therapeutic uses of this compound for the treatment of disorders affecting the respiratory, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, this compound also exhibits antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activities, as well as a potential as a growth enhancer and immunomodulator. In the present review, these bioactivities have been covered because some of them can contribute to explain the ethnopharmacology of thymol and its main source, T. vulgaris. Other important aspects about thymol are discussed: its toxicity and bioavailability, metabolism, and distribution in animals and humans.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses

Salehi

Mishra

Shukla

et al. 2018

Phytotherapy Research

344

203

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“…& Sessé ex Benth [259] and Ocimum gratissimum L. [260]. This bioactive compound presents a wide variety of pharmacological properties such as anti-obesity [261], anthelmintic [262], anti-inflammatory [263], hepatoprotective [264] and larvicidal [265].…”

Section: Thymolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anticonvulsant Essential Oils and Their Relationship with Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy

et al. 2019

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Epilepsy is a most disabling neurological disorder affecting all age groups. Among the various mechanisms that may result in epilepsy, neuronal hyperexcitability and oxidative injury produced by an excessive formation of free radicals may play a role in the development of this pathology. Therefore, new treatment approaches are needed to address resistant conditions that do not respond fully to current antiepileptic drugs. This paper reviews studies on the anticonvulsant activities of essential oils and their chemical constituents. Data from studies published from January 2011 to December 2018 was selected from the PubMed database for examination. The bioactivity of 19 essential oils and 16 constituents is described. Apiaceae and Lamiaceae were the most promising botanical families due to the largest number of reports about plant species from these families that produce anticonvulsant essential oils. Among the evaluated compounds, β-caryophyllene, borneol, eugenol and nerolidol were the constituents that presented antioxidant properties related to anticonvulsant action. These data show the potential of these natural products as health promoting agents and use against various types of seizure disorders. Their properties on oxidative stress may contribute to the control of this neurological condition. However, further studies on the toxicological profile and mechanism of action of essential oils are needed.

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“…Estudos mais recentes têm utilizado o teste de motilidade de adultos (TMA) para avaliar o efeito de OE, visto que esses produtos naturais são lipofílicos e apresentam baixo peso molecular, sendo capazes de penetrar na cutícula dos nematoides por difusão transcuticular [6,21], alterando os mecanismos de locomoção [68], além de ocasionar lesões cuticulares [4,5]. Entre os fatores limitantes do TMA, destacam-se a necessidade de eutanasiar um animal infectado com NGI e a manutenção dos nematoides em estufa de CO 2 [4,38].…”

Section: Efeito Anti-helmíntico De óLeos Essenciaisunclassified

“…Carvacrol e timol apresentaram atividade ovicida, larvicida e adulticida sobre H. contortus [4,5,23]. Estudos realizados para avaliar o mecanismo de ação desses monoterpenos em C. elegans demonstraram que esses monoterpenos têm ação sobre receptores de tiramina, inibindo a motilidade e o bombeamento da faringe desse nematoide de vida livre [48].…”

Section: Atividade Anti-helmintica De Compostos Isolados De óLeosunclassified

“…Entretanto, o processo de acetilação (substituição do radical hidroxila pelo radical acetil) desses compostos pode potencializar a atividade biológica e reduzir a toxicidade [4,5]. Os derivados acetilados do carvacrol, acetato de carvacrila, e do timol, acetato de timila, apresentaram atividade anti-helmíntica in vitro e in vivo, reduzindo o OPG de ovinos em 76,2% e 65,9%, respectivamente [4,5]. Timol na dose de 250 mg/kg reduziu o OPG de ovinos em 59,8% [5].…”

Section: Atividade Anti-helmintica De Compostos Isolados De óLeosunclassified

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Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants

André

Ribeiro

Oliveira

et al. 2018

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes are one of the major health and economic problem of sheep and goats in the world. The control of these nematodes is carried out conventionally with synthetic anthelminths, which favored the selection of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) populations multiresistant to anthelmintics. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance has stimulated the search for new alternatives to control small ruminant GIN, standing out the use of plants and their bioactives compounds, such as essential oils (EO). The objective of this review was to present the main characteristics and anthelmintic activity of EO, their isolated compounds and drug delivery systems in the control of GIN.Review: Essential oils are a complex blend of bioactive compounds with volatile, lipophilic, usually odoriferous and liquid substances. EO are composed of terpenes, terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic constituents. EO has various pharmacological activities of interest in preventive veterinary medicine such as antibacterials, antifungals, anticoccicids, insecticides and anthelmintics. In vitro and in vivo tests are used to validate the anthelmintic activity of EO on GIN. In vitro tests are low cost screening tests that allow the evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of a large amount of bioactive compounds on eggs, first (L1) and third stage larvae (L3), and adult nematodes. The antiparasitic effect of EO is related to its main compound or to the interaction of the compounds. These bioactive compounds penetrate the cuticle of the nematodes by transcuticular diffusion, altering the mechanisms of locomotion, besides causing cuticular lesions. Following in vitro evaluation, the acute and sub-chronic toxicity test should be performed to assess the toxicity of the bioactive compounds and to define the dose to be used in in vivo tests. In vivo tests are more reliable because the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds is evaluated after the metabolization process. The metabolization process of the bioactive compounds can generate metabolites that exhibit or not anthelmintic effectiveness. The in vivo tests assessing the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds in sheep and goats are the fecal egg count reduction test and the controlled test. OE promoted reduction of egg elimination in faeces which may be related to cuticular and reproductive alterations in GIN, and reduction of parasite burden in in vivo tests. Due to the promising results obtained with OE in the in vivo tests, interest has been aroused in using nanotechnology as an alternative to increase the bioavailability of OE and consequently, potentializing its anthelmintic effect, reducing the dose and toxicity of the biocompounds. In addition to nanotechnology, the isolation and chemical modification of compounds isolated from OE have been employed to obtain new molecules with anthelmintic action and understand the mechanism of action of EO on the small ruminant GIN.Conclusion: The use of EO and their compound bioactive in the control of resistant populations of GIN is a promising alternative. The adoption of strategies in which natural products can replace synthetic anthelmintics, such as in dry periods and use synthetic anthelmintics in the rainy season when the population in refugia in the pasture is high, thus reducing the dissemination of GIN resistant populations. As perspective, the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these natural products should be performed so that one defines treatment protocols that optimize the anthelmintic effect.

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Anthelmintic effect of thymol and thymol acetate on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes and their toxicity in mice

Cited by 51 publications

References 39 publications

Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses

Thymol, thyme, and other plant sources: Health and potential uses

Anticonvulsant Essential Oils and Their Relationship with Oxidative Stress in Epilepsy

Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants

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