Ectoparasites community in Satanoperca jurupari (Cichlidae) from the Jari River, a tributary from Amazon River in Northern Brazil

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the gills parasites in Satanoperca jurupari from the Jari River, state of Amapá, in eastern Amazon (Brazil). The gills of 100% of the hosts were parasitized by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa), Sciadicleithrum juruparii (Monogenoidea) Genarchella genarchella, Posthodiplostomum sp. (Digenea) Ergasilus coatiarus and Argulus multicolor (Crustacea), and a total of 27,043 parasites were collected. However, the dominance was of I. multifiliis and there was aggregated dispersion of parasites with greater discrepancy for S. juruparii and A. multicolor. Low species richness of parasites (3.1 ± 1.1), low Brillouin diversity index (0.27 ± 0.23), low evenness (0.16 ± 0.13) and high dominance of Berger-Parker (0.88 ± 0.15) were found. The community of parasites in S. jurupari was characterized by low species richness, low diversity and low evenness, with high prevalence and low abundance. The size of host did not have any influence on the parasites community, but the host behavior and availability of infective stages of the parasites were factors structuring the community of ectoparasites found here.Keywords: Aggregation, diversity, freshwater fish, parasites. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a comunidade de parasitos das brânquias de Satanoperca jurupari do Rio Jari, Estado do Amapá, região da Amazônia oriental (Brasil). As brânquias de 100% dos hospedeiros estavam parasitadas por Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Protozoa), Sciadicleithrum juruparii (Monogenoidea), Genarchella genarchella, Posthodiplostomum sp. (Digenea), Ergasilus coatiarus e Argulus multicolor (Crustacea) e foi coletado um total de 27.043 parasitos. Porém, a dominância foi de I. multifiliis e houve dispersão agregada de parasitos com maior discrepância de S. juruparii e A. multicolor. Foi encontrada uma baixa riqueza de espécies de parasitos (3,1 ± 1,1), baixa de diversidade de Brillouin (0,27 ± 0,23), baixa equitabilidade do índice de diversidade (0,16 ± 0,13) e elevada dominância de 88 ± 0,15). A comunidade de parasitos foi caracterizada por baixa riqueza de espécies, baixa diversidade, baixa uniformidade, alta prevalência e baixa abundância. O tamanho dos hospedeiros não teve influência sobre a comunidade parasitos, mas o comportamento dos hospedeiros e a disponibilidade de formas infectantes dos parasitos foram os fatores estruturando a comunidade dos ectoparasitos encontrados.Palavras-chave: Agregação, diversidade, peixes de água doce, ectoparasitos.

Parasitic fauna of <i>Hyphessobrycon takasei</i> and <i>Hyphessobrycon amapaensis</i> (Osteichthyes: Characidae), ornamental fish of two basins from Amapá state, Brazil

“…Therefore, there was a dominance of nematodes in H. takasei. For H. takasei, there was an aggregated dispersion of parasites, a common pattern in wild fish populations (Tavares-Dias, Oliveira, Gonçalves, & Silva, 2014;Oliveira, Gonçalves, Neves, Ferreira, & Tavares-Dias, 2017;Ferreira et al, 2019). In contrast, for H. amapaensis the parasite dispersion was random, a typical pattern of parasites with moderate or high pathogenicity, because these regulate the density of the host population (Moller 2006).…”

“…Cordeiro, Artigas, Gióia and Lima, 1983-1984Hyphessobrycon anisitsi Eigenmann, 1907 Paraguay River (Brazil) Cordeiro, Artigas, Gióia, & Lima (1983-1984 Monogeneans are ectoparasites that have been used as indicators of environmental changes, since for many species the eutrophized environments and low oxygen dissolved level increases the reproduction and the levels of parasitism in the host fish (Mackenzie, 1995;Aguinaga et al, 2015;Santos et al, 2017). There is a complex relationship between these ectoparasites, environment and host, because initially the parasites try to establish themselves in the hosts while the resistance of the infection occurs through the defense mechanisms (Oliveira et al, 2017). In the gills of H. amapaensis no monogenean species was found, while in H. takasei a low level of infestation was observed, because the quality environmental was good.…”

“…Species of digeneans require intermediate hosts in its complex life cycle (Quintana & Ostrowski-Núñez, 2014;Oliveira et al, 2017;Hoshino, et al, 2018) and are endoparasites that has been reported in low to moderate infection levels in ornamental fish species (Wanlop, Wongsawad, Prattapong, Wongsawad, Chontananarth, & Chai, 2017;Hoshino et al, 2018). However, there were few studies on metacercarial infection of digeneans in species of ornamental fish (Wanlop et al, 2017;Cardoso, Costa, & Balian, 2018), mainly on species of Hyphessobrycon (Table 4).…”

“…For example, Camallanus cotti Fujita, 1927, a native nematode from Japan was first recorded in Brazil infecting Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 (Alves et al, 2000), assumed to be introduced along with the introduction of the exotic poeciliid fish species. Fish may be intermediate, paratenic or definitive hosts for different species of nematodes (Molnár, Buchmann, & Székely, 2006;Acosta & Silva, 2015;Oliveira et al, 2017;Tavares-Dias et al, 2017;Hoshino et al, 2018). In general, larvae are more pathogenic than adult forms, since they may migrate through various host organs.…”

Community structure of metazoan parasites in Hemibrycon surinamensis (Characidae) from the Matapi River in the State of Amapá, Brazil

“…The transmission of ectoparasites is influenced mainly by the behavior of the host fishes, which facilitates that these parasites find their hosts by active dispersion. Helminth endoparasites can be used to provide information on trophic interactions, since they have a complex life cycle, which requires several hosts at different trophic levels, and their transmission is dependent on the predator-prey relationship (Cloutman 1975, Takemoto et al 2013, Hoshino et al 2014, Oliveira et al 2017, Baia et al 2018. Therefore, as there is little information on parasites of H. surinamensis, this study investigated the community of metazoan parasites of this host from the Matapi River, in the State of Amapá, Brazil.…”