“…In the present study, the mean serum concentration of total protein was higher within the NIF group, which can be attributed to the greater production of immunoglobulins against trypanosomes. IgA and IgG were elevated (p < 0.05), which may have been the result of the constant antigenic stimulation that T. vivax causes, due to continuous changes in the expression of surface-variant glycoproteins (Lalor et al, 1984) Ceruloplasmin, a copper carrier protein that acts toward oxidation of ferrous ions and has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity (Murata et al, 2004), was significantly reduced in the NIF group, consistent with previous observations among sheep experimentally infected with T. vivax (Almeida et al, 2012). Cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale showed higher levels of ceruloplasmin during the acute phase (Nazifi et al, 2012), thus allowing differentiation between these two diseases.…”