2014
DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742014000400008
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Abstract: Abstract-The present study examined the effects of instructions promoting external versus internal foci of attention on the learning of a tennis forehand stroke in 11-year old children. Three groups of participants practiced hitting tennis balls at a target. External focus group participants were instructed to direct their attention to the movement of the racquet, while participants in the internal focus group were asked to direct their attention to the movements of their arm. Participants in a control group d… Show more

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Cited by 33 publications
(44 citation statements)
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“…Thorn 19 found higher learning for 9 to 12-year-old children who received external focus of attention while practicing a balance task on a static platform. Similar results were found in different tasks [20][21][22] . However, Emanuel, Jarus e Bart 11 , found no significant differences between external and internal focus of attention in 8 to 9-year-old children, while learning at a dart-throwing task.…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 88%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Thorn 19 found higher learning for 9 to 12-year-old children who received external focus of attention while practicing a balance task on a static platform. Similar results were found in different tasks [20][21][22] . However, Emanuel, Jarus e Bart 11 , found no significant differences between external and internal focus of attention in 8 to 9-year-old children, while learning at a dart-throwing task.…”
Section: Introductionsupporting
confidence: 88%
“…Hadler 22 examined the effects caused by the direction of attention in tennis learning in children's. Results showed that external focus group had higher levels of learning compared to groups of no instruction (control) or internal focus.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Currently, there is only a handful of studies that have examined the effects of attentional focus on children's motor learning (Chow, Koh, Davids, Button, & Rein, 2013;Emanuel, Jarus, & Bart, 2008;Hadler, Chiviacowsky, Wulf, & Schild, 2014;Thorn, 2006). These studies, however, do not provide unambiguous support for enhanced learning with an external focus of attention, unlike the reports on adults' motor learning.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…That is, neither Emanuel et al (2008) nor Chow et al (2006) observed performance differences following practice with internal and external focus instructions in 9-and 10-year-olds' dart throwing and jumping, respectively. 1 Yet, for somewhat older children between 10 and 12 years of age, Hadler et al (2014) reported that in learning a tennis forehand external focus of attention instructions resulted in greater accuracy in hitting a target than internal focus of attention instructions or no instructions (see also Abdollahipour, Wulf, Psotta, & Nieto, 2015 for similar immediate performance benefits among 12-year-old gymnasts). A highly speculative explanation for this set of findings would be that the benefits of an external focus of attention only emerge after 10 years of age.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Some tasks were jump height [12], dart throwing [13], goal directed ball throwing [14], hitting the golf ball [15], tennis [16] and throwing accuracy [17]. Depending on type of motor tasks and skill level of performers, the effects of factors will be different.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%