In vitro minocycline activity on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from chronic periodontitis patients

Abstract

Chronic periodontitis is the most common type of periodontitis and it is associated with various species of microorganisms. Enteric rods, Pseudomonas, Staphyloccocus and Candida have been retrieved from periodontal pockets of patients with chronic periodontitis and correlated to cases of superinfection. Local or systemic antibiotic therapy is indicated to reinforce the effects of the conventional mechanical therapy. Minocycline has been suggested as one of the most effective drugs against periodontal pathogens. The aim of this work was to evaluate the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of minocycline on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from the periodontal pocket and the oral cavity of individuals with chronic periodontitis. Isolates of Enterobacteriaceae (n = 25), Staphylococcus spp. (n = 25), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 9) and Candida spp. (n = 25) were included in the study. Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of minocycline were determined using the Müeller-Hinton agar dilution method. Staphylococcus spp. isolates were the most sensitive to minocycline with a MIC of 8 microg/mL, followed by Enterobacteriaceae with a MIC of 16 microg/mL. The concentration of 16 microg/mL inhibited 96% of Candida spp. isolates. The MIC for 88.8% of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 128 microg/mL. A concentration of 1,000 microg/mL was not enough to inhibit 100% of the tested isolates.

Candida species: current epidemiology, pathogenicity, biofilm formation, natural antifungal products and new therapeutic options

“…The small number of drugs available for fungal treatment, most of which are fungistatic, and the emerging resistance to antifungal agents encourage the search for alternative treatments (de Oliveira et al, 2006). Plants are good options for obtaining a wide variety of drugs and have been used in medicine for a long time; in particular, they are extensively used in folk medicine because they represent an economic alternative, are easily accessible and can be applicable to various pathologies (Sardi et al, 2011;Cruz et al, 2007).…”

Antifungal Drugs and their Resistance Mechanism

“…Plants are good options for obtaining a wide variety of drugs [5,6] (Table 1). Another promising antifungal strategies are Silver nano particles (interfere with microbial DNA replication within bacteria and fungi), Anti-Candida antibodies (can reduce the binding of Candida to various surfaces), Photodynamic therapy (inactivation of the fungus) and Gold nano particle conjugate (mediated photodynamic therapy may be used against nosocomially acquired refractory C albicansbiofilms) [7][8][9][10].…”

Local Delivery of Minocycline Hydrochloride: A Therapeutic Paradigm in Periodontal Diseases

“…Oliveira and coworkers performed in vitro minocycline activity on superinfecting microorganisms isolated from chronic periodontitis patients and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of microorganisms were found in the range as: Enterobacteriaceae (4-16 μg/ml), strains of Staphylococcus spp. (0.25-8 μg/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (64-128 μg/ml) and Candida genus between (0.25-16 μg/ml) [36]. Clinical trials on subgingival minocycline in chronic periodontitis subjects showed that the scaling followed by subgingival minocycline is effective in reducing periodontal pathogens in chronic periodontitis [37,38].…”