Reproductive success and female preference in the amazonian cichlid angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare (Lichtenstein, 1823)

Abstract

The angel fish, Pterophyllum scalare is a cichlid native to the Amazon Basin of Brazil and is exported as an ornamental fish. In this study the importance of the experience and previous reproductive success of males in mate selection was investigated. In order to investigate reproductive experience, six pairs of males (experienced and inexperienced) and six females were used. Males were placed in an aquarium, where one female was released. Mate selection was verified by the time spent by a female near one of the males. To evaluate reproductive success, six pairs of males were tested, each pair consisting of a successful male and an unsuccessful one. Again, time spent with one of the males was considered as an indication of preference by the female. Each female was then paired with an unsuccessful male and their reproductive success was assessed. Females preferred larger, aggressive, territorial and experienced males. Correlations between male aggressiveness, aeration and egg survival were significant. During larval care, male aggressiveness was significantly related to larvae survival. Furthermore, intrabucal care and larval survival showed significant correlations with care provided by the experienced, mated and isolated fish. Survival of offspring resulted from mating with experienced and inexperienced males showed significant differences. Correlations between time spent by females with successful males during reproduction and survival rate of eggs and larvae were significant. Females assess the capacity and willingness of males in investing efforts to raise the offspring through their courtship behavior. Experienced and successful males are preferred by females and thereby achieve greater reproductive success.<br>O acará bandeira, Pterophyllum scalareé um ciclídeo nativo da Bacia Amazônica do Brasil, eé exportado como espécie ornamental. Neste estudo foi investigada a importância da experiência dos machos e do sucesso na reprodução anterior para escolha do parceiro. Para as investigações relativasà experiência reprodutiva foram utilizados seis pares de machos (experientes e inexperientes) e seis fêmeas. Os machos foram colocados em aquários, onde foram adicionadas as fêmeas (uma por aquário). A escolha do parceiro foi verificada através da permanência das fêmeas junto a um dos machos. Para as investigações referentes ao sucesso reprodutivo foram testados seis pares de machos, cada par com um macho bem sucedido e outro mal sucedido na reprodução anterior, frente a uma fêmea bem sucedida. Foi observada a permanência da fêmea com um dos machos, como indicativo de preferência. Em seguida, cada fêmea foi pareada com um macho mal sucedido e avaliado o sucesso reprodutivo dos casais. As fêmeas preferiram machos maiores, mais agressivos, territoriais e experientes. As correlações entre agressividade dos machos, cuidado através da aeração e sobrevivência dos ovos foram significativas. Durante o cuidado com larvas a agressividade dos machos experientes foi significativa em relaçãoà sobrevivência delas. Além disso, cuida...

Temporal Dynamics of Reproduction of the Neotropical Fish,Crenicichla menezesi(Perciformes: Cichlidae)

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Conservation status of an endangered annual fish Hypsolebias antenori (Rivulidae) from Northeastern Brazil

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