First isolation report of Arcobacter cryaerophilus from a human diarrhea sample in Costa Rica

Abstract

Arcobacter cryaerophilus is an emerging enteropathogen and potential zoonotic agent transmitted by food and water. In Costa Rica, this bacterium has not been associated with cases of human gastroenteritis, even though it has been isolated from farm animals, especially poultry. This paper reports the first isolation of A. cryaerophilus from a human case of bloody watery diarrhea and the virulence genes associated with this isolate.

From the Andes to the desert: First overview of the bacterial community in the Rimac river, the main source of water for Lima, Peru

“…we found only one published study that mentioned Arcobacter in stool from children with diarrhea [44]. In particular, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, the most frequent ASV in the Metropolitan area, has been associated with severe diarrhea and found to carry several virulence genes [45].…”

Report of first isolation of the zoonotic Arcobacter species from swine fecal samples in Ecuador

“…One yielded A. cryaerophilus, the second A. skirrowii and the third, A. butzleri and A. thereius simultaneously. These four species have been isolated from pigs in different parts of the world, including in some Latin American countries (Collado et al 2013, Fernández et al 2015, Barboza et al 2017, Ferreira et al 2017. However, so far as we know, in Latin America these four zoonotic have been reported simultaneously only in Costa Rica, especially in samples from poultry and food of animal origin (Barboza et al 2017).…”

“…Since their main routes of transmission to humans are the consumption and handling of raw or undercooked foods of animal origin like meats, milk, seafood and water, they are also considered as potential foodborne pathogens (Vandenberg et al 2004, Lehner et al 2005, Collado et al 2013, Fernández et al 2015, Šilha et al 2015, van den Abeele et al 2015, Ferreira et al 2017. From these species, A. butzleri is the most frequently isolated from animal, environmental and human samples, followed by A. cryaerophilus, being both associated with abortion and enteritis in animals as well as with diarrhea and bacteremia in children and adults (Collado et In addition to these four zoonotic species of Arcobacter, other species of the genus have been isolated from pigs, such as A. thereius, A. throphiarum, A. suis and A. lanthieri (Whiteduck-Léveillée et al 2015).…”

“…To isolate Arcobacter sp., each sample was seeded into CAT (cefaperazone, amphotericin B and teicoplanin) enrichment broth and incubated at 30 °C for 72 h under aerobic conditions (Collado et al 2013), followed by passive filtration through 0.45 μm membrane filter placed on blood agar plates. After 30 min filtration, the filters were removed and the plates were incubated under the same conditions described above (Collado et al 2013, Fernández et al 2015. Preliminary identification of isolates was carried out by phenotypic characteristics [curved Gram negative rod, motility +, aerobic growth +, oxidase + and catalase + (Fernández et al 2015)].…”

Zero-Valent Iron Sand Filtration Can Reduce Human and Plant Pathogenic Bacteria While Increasing Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria in Reclaimed Water

“…Specifically, genera containing species which were implicated in foodborne and enteric infections (Aeromonas, Arcobacter, Comamonas, and Vibrio) (Collado and Figueras, 2011;Igbinosa et al, 2012;Farooq et al, 2017; Department of Health Human Services, 2019) respiratory infections (Achromobacter, Cupriavidus, Delftia, Klebsiella, Legionella, Mycobacterium, and Sphingobacterium) (Bagley, 1985;World Heath Organization, 2007;Kalka-Moll et al, 2009;Lambiase et al, 2009;Neonakis et al, 2010;Bilgin et al, 2015;Swenson and Sadikot, 2015;Al Hamal et al, 2016), sepsis and bacteremia (Gordonia, Lysinibacillus, Myroides, Shewanella, and Sphingomonas) (Ryan and Adley, 2010;Sharma and Kalawat, 2010;Ramanan et al, 2013;Wenzler et al, 2015;Beharrysingh, 2017), opportunistic infections (Citrobacter, Chryseobacterium, Morganella, and Stenotrophomonas) (Ranjan and Ranjan, 2013;Liu et al, 2016;Imataki and Uemura, 2017;National Institutes of Health, 2018), and genera containing several antibiotic-resistant species (Pedobacter) (Viana et al, 2018) were reduced after ZVI-sand filtration. At the species level, Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, Bacillus cereus, and Plesiomonas shigelloides, which cause diarrhea, vomiting, and gastroenteritis (Janda and Abbott, 1998;Janda et al, 2016;Barboza et al, 2017; United States Department of Health Human Services, 2019), Mycobacterium arupense responsible for pulmonary infections (Neonakis et al, 2010;Al Hamal et al, 2016), Eggerthella lenta and Elizabethkingia meningoseptica which cause bacteremia (Gardiner et al, 2015;Shinha and Ahuja, 2015), and pathogens causing other severe infections-Brevundimonas diminuta (antibiotic-resistant opportunistic infections) (Han and Andrade, 2005), Clostridium bifermentans (necrotizing endometritis and em...…”