Occurrence of heavy metals and antibiotic resistance in bacteria from internal organs of american bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) raised in Malaysia

Abstract

A total of 40 bacteria have been successfully isolated from internal organs of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) raised in Malaysia, namely, eight isolates of Aeromonas spp., 21 of Edwardsiella spp., six of Flavobacterium spp. and five of Vibrio spp. In terms of antibiotic susceptibility testing, each isolate was tested against 21 antibiotics, resulting in 482 (57.3%) cases of sensitivity and 61 (7.3%) cases of partial sensitivity. Meanwhile, 297 (35.4%) bacterial isolates were registered as resistant. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of each bacterial species indicated that bacteria from raised bullfrogs have been exposed to tested antibiotics with results ranging from 0.27 to 0.39. Additionally, high percentages of heavy metal resistance among these isolates were observed, with values ranging from 85.0 to 100.0%. The current results provided us information on bacterial levels of locally farmed bullfrogs exposed to copper, cadmium, chromium as well as 21 types of antibiotics.

Identification of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica from American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) farmed in Sabah, Malaysia using PCR method and future management of outbreak

“…Broodstocks were first imported from Taiwan (Lee et al, 2009). Ever since, they are propagated and maintained by the Fisheries Department of Sabah.…”

“…Initially, there were only 12 bullfrog farms operating in Malaysia with the annual production of 80 tons of anuran meat (Kechick, 1995). After 14 years of introduction, the frog meat industry in Malaysia has undergone much development whereby the current meat production is estimated at 100 tons per month (Lee et al, 2009). However, in the recent years the production of bullfrog in some farms in Malaysia is limited by the high mortality due to diseases.…”

Antibiotic and heavy metal resistance of Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda isolated from red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) coinfected with motile aeromonas septicemia and edwardsiellosis

“…[ 3 ], A. hydrophila caused significant economic loss in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus farming in the United States. There were also reports on A. hydrophila infection in other aquatic animals involving giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii [ 4 ] and American bullfrog, and Rana catesbeiana [ 5 ]. Edwardsiellosis frequently resulted in high mortality to the farmed fish when the fish were under stress due to poor husbandry and bad weather conditions [ 6 ].…”

Metal and antibiotic resistance among heterotrophic bacteria inhabiting hospital waste water and polluted sea water

“…The degree of resistance of the bacterial isolates was determined on the basis of the measurements of lightened zones (mm) around the disc. However, the multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index of isolates against tested antibiotics was calculated based on the following formula: MAR index = X / (Y x Z); X is the total of bacteria resistant to antibiotics; Y is the total of antibiotics used in the study; while Z is the total of isolates (Lee et al, 2009).…”