Biodistribution studies of bee venom and spider toxin using radiotracers

Yonamine, Camila M.; Costa, Hilton Nobre da; Silva, J. A. A.; Muramoto, Emiko; Rogero, J.R.; Troncone, Lanfranco Ranieri Paolo; Camillo, Maria Aparecida Pires

doi:10.1590/s1678-91992005000100006

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…Our results indicated a strong presence of labeled PnTx2-6 in the penis (Figure 5), suggesting the existence of binding sites for this toxin in the rat corpus cavernosum. Our study did not detect differences in the brain, as observed by Yonamine [27]. In addition, when compared with the penis (Figure 5), the amount of labeled toxin in this organ, was increased by a factor of 4.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

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Nitric Oxide-Induced Vasorelaxation in Response to PnTx2-6 Toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer Spider in Rat Cavernosal Tissue

Nunes

Cordeiro

Richardson

et al. 2010

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

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Introduction Priapism is one of several symptoms observed in accidental bites by the spider Phoneutria nigriventer. The venom of this spider is comprised of many toxins, and the majority has been shown to affect excitable ion channels, mainly sodium (Na+) channels. It has been demonstrated that PnTx2-6, a peptide extracted from the venom of P. nigriventer, causes erection in anesthetized rats and mice. Aim We investigated the mechanism by which PnTx2-6 evokes relaxation in rat corpus cavernosum. Main Outcome Measures PnTx2-6 toxin potentiates nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cavernosal relaxation. Methods Rat cavernosal strips were incubated with bretylium (3 × 10−5 M) and contracted with phenylephrine (PE; 10−5 M). Relaxation responses were evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) or sodium nitroprusside (SNP) before and after 4 minutes of incubation with PnTx2-6 (10−8 M). The effect of PnTx2-6 on relaxation induced by EFS was also tested in the presence of atropine (10−6 M), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, N-type Ca2+ channel blockers (ω-conotoxin GVIA, 10−6 M) and sildenafil (3 × 10−8 M). Technetium99m radiolabeled PnTx2-6 subcutaneous injection was administrated in the penis. Results Whereas relaxation induced by SNP was not affected by PnTx2-6, EFS-induced relaxation was significantly potentiated by this toxin as well as PnTx2-6 plus SNP. This potentiating effect was further increased by sildenafil, not altered by atropine, however was completely blocked by the N-type Ca2+ channels. High concentrated levels of radiolabeled PnTx2-6 was specifically found in the cavernosum tissue, suggesting PnTx2-6 is an important toxin responsible for P. nigriventer spider accident-induced priapism. Conclusion We show that PnTx2-6 slows Na+ channels inactivation in nitrergic neurons, allowing Ca2+ influx to facilitate NO/cGMP signalling, which promotes increased NO production. In addition, this relaxation effect is independent of phosphodiesterase enzyme type 5 inhibition. Our data displays PnTx2-6 as possible pharmacological tool to study alternative treatments for erectile dysfunction.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 42%

“…Interestingly, one of these genes, Sparc , influences several biological activities, including vascular function as it modulates smooth muscle relaxation machinery [26]. Moreover, radiolabeled PnTx2‐6 ( 125 I‐PnTx2‐6) was injected (s.c.) into mice, which was found to be localized in the testis [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric Oxide-Induced Vasorelaxation in Response to PnTx2-6 Toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer Spider in Rat Cavernosal Tissue

Nunes

Cordeiro

Richardson

et al. 2010

The Journal of Sexual Medicine

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“…In mice injected subcutaneously with venom (0.25 mg/kg), the peak serum concentration was observed 15 min post-venom and remained detectable for up to 8 h post-venom (Chávez-Olórtegui et al 2001). With regard to the tissue distribution of P. nigriventer toxins, Yonamine et al (2005) used 125 I-labeled PnTx2-6 to examine the tissue distribution of this toxin in mice. In the circulation (blood), the toxin showed bicompartmental kinetics, with a rapid a phase and much slower b phase.…”

Section: Venom Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Envenomation by Wandering Spiders (Genus Phoneutria)

Bucaretchi¹,

Bertani²,

Capitani³

et al. 2017

Toxinology

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Spiders of the genus Phoneutria, commonly known as wandering or banana spiders, are found in southern Central America (Costa Rica) and throughout South America east of the Andes into northern Argentina. Eight species, classified as Amazonian (P. fera, P. reidyi, and P. boliviensis) and non-Amazonian (P. keyserlingi, P. pertyi, P. eickstedtae, P. bahiensis, and P. nigriventer), have been described. Most of the clinically important bites by this genus occur in Brazil (~4,000 cases per year), with only 0.5% being severe. Local pain is the major symptom reported after most bites and involves peripheral (tachykinin (neurokinin NK 1 and NK 2) and glutamate receptors) and central (spinal) mechanisms (neurokinins, excitatory amino acids, nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines, and prostanoids). Other local features observed in envenomed patients include edema, erythema, radiating pain, sweating, fasciculation, and paresthesia. Systemic manifestations are less common and may include diaphoresis, tachycardia, arterial hypertension, agitation, prostration, sialorrhea, vomiting, tachypnea, pallor, hypothermia, cyanosis, diarrhea, and priapism. Shock and pulmonary edema, the main severe complications, are uncommon and possibly related to increased sympathetic activity and a systemic inflammatory response, although no sequential serum catecholamine, nitric oxide, and interleukin levels have been measured in prospective case series of human envenomations by Phoneutria spp. Most cases are treated symptomatically, with antivenom being recommended only for patients who develop important systemic clinical manifestations; such manifestations occur in~3% of cases and involve mainly children <10 years old and adults >70 years old. Fifteen deaths attributed to Phoneutria spp. have been reported in Brazil since 1903, but in only two of these cases are there sufficient details to confirm a causal nexus.

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“…Important biochemical, physiological, and pathological tools for the development of new drugs have arisen due to research on animal venoms [1, 2]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and Functional Characterization ofParawixia bistriataSpider Venom with Potential Proteolytic and Larvicidal Activities

Gimenez

Coutinho-Neto

Kayano

et al. 2014

BioMed Research International

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Toxins purified from the venom of spiders have high potential to be studied pharmacologically and biochemically. These biomolecules may have biotechnological and therapeutic applications. This study aimed to evaluate the protein content of Parawixia bistriata venom and functionally characterize its proteins that have potential for biotechnological applications. The crude venom showed no phospholipase, hemorrhagic, or anti-Leishmania activities attesting to low genotoxicity and discrete antifungal activity for C. albicans. However the following activities were observed: anticoagulation, edema, myotoxicity and proteolysis on casein, azo-collagen, and fibrinogen. The chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles of the proteins revealed a predominance of acidic, neutral, and polar proteins, highlighting the presence of proteins with high molecular masses. Five fractions were collected using cation exchange chromatography, with the P4 fraction standing out as that of the highest purity. All fractions showed proteolytic activity. The crude venom and fractions P1, P2, and P3 showed larvicidal effects on A. aegypti. Fraction P4 showed the presence of a possible metalloprotease (60 kDa) that has high proteolytic activity on azo-collagen and was inhibited by EDTA. The results presented in this study demonstrate the presence of proteins in the venom of P. bistriata with potential for biotechnological applications.

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Biodistribution studies of bee venom and spider toxin using radiotracers

Cited by 16 publications

References 9 publications

Nitric Oxide-Induced Vasorelaxation in Response to PnTx2-6 Toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer Spider in Rat Cavernosal Tissue

Nitric Oxide-Induced Vasorelaxation in Response to PnTx2-6 Toxin from Phoneutria nigriventer Spider in Rat Cavernosal Tissue

Envenomation by Wandering Spiders (Genus Phoneutria)

Biochemical and Functional Characterization ofParawixia bistriataSpider Venom with Potential Proteolytic and Larvicidal Activities

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