Management of venomous snakebites in dogs and cats in Brazil

Ferreira, Rafaela Scalco; Barravieira, B.

doi:10.1590/s1678-91992004000200002

Cited by 12 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Leukocytosis with neutrophilia that was observed in groups VS and VSM at M1 and M2 in this study, together with lymphopenia at M2 and M3 in both groups, are consistent with other authors, and this may be due to inflammatory processes and stress caused by general pain (Santoro et al 2008, Ferreira Junior & Barraviera 2004.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Effect of Mikania glomerata (Asteraceae) leaf extract combined with anti-venom serum on experimental Crotalus durissus (Squamata: Viperidae) envenomation in rats

Floriano

Nogueira

Sakate³

et al. 2009

RBT

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Abstract:Crotalic envenomation represents the highest number of deaths when compared to other snakebite envenomations of medical interest. Crotalic venom has important characteristics such as neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and clotting and hemolytic action. We evaluated the clinical and laboratory aspects of Crotalus durissus terrificus experimental envenomation in Wistar rats treated with antivenom and the aqueous extract of the plant Mikania glomerata. The animals were divided into three groups: Group C (control); Group VS-venom and antivenom; Group VSM-venom, antivenom and aqueous extract of M. glomerata. Crotalic poison caused clinical and laboratory alterations in Wistar mice. Significant clinical alterations were: temperature decrease, edema in the venom inoculated member, sedation and a locomotion decrease in groups VS and VSM when compared with group C. A faster recovery from sedation was observed only for animals of group VSM when compared to VS. There was an increase in the number of leukocytes, neutrophils and creatine kinase in the VS and VSM groups, compared to group C. Wistar rats showed a high resistance to crotalic venom. Additional studies with different doses, time of treatment, different administration methods and histopathological and immunological studies are necessary to understand the action of M. glomerata in crotalic accidents. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 929-937. Epub 2009 December 01.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Crotalic venom has a myotoxic action , Azevedo-Marques et al 1985, Bucaretchi et al 2002, Ferreira Junior & Barraviera 2004, and creatine kinase is important in identifying muscle lesions (Kaneko et al 1997). The myotoxic action promotes widespread myalgy and myoglobinuria (AzevedoMarques et al 1985, Magalhães et al 1986, Motta et al 2007.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Mikania glomerata (Asteraceae) leaf extract combined with anti-venom serum on experimental Crotalus durissus (Squamata: Viperidae) envenomation in rats

Floriano

Nogueira

Sakate³

et al. 2009

RBT

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“…ELISA has been used for detecting venom antigens from different species of venomous animals (11,(36)(37)(38). Polyclonal antibodies in antivenoms have been tested to determine specific antivenom antibodies in mice using ELISA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Snake antivenom, a type serum, is currently the only effective product for treating the consequences of snakebites, a serious public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries (3,(11)(12)(13)(14). Currently, commercial antivenom is available to neutralize the effects of snake envenomation (3,15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of in vivo toxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity of venom from the Cypriot blunt-nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and antivenom production

Nalbantsoy¹,

Karabay-Yavasoglu²,

Sayim³

et al. 2012

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Abstract:The venomous Levantine viper, Macrovipera lebetina lebetina is endemic to Cyprus. The objective of this study was to investigate in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo lethality, and antivenom production followed by a re-immunization schedule in mice against Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom. The LD 50 value was estimated as 7.58mg/kg within 24 hours by different venom doses administrated intraperitoneally in mice. Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants were used for first and second immunization of mice in antivenom production. A cell-based assay was performed to determine the effects of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom and antivenom neutralizing potency on L929 cell viability. The snake venom toxicity and cytotoxicity were examined and comparison of results showed good correlation, the LD 50 value was tenfold higher than the IC 50 value. The IC 50 value was 0.62 ± 0.18 µg/mL after 48 hours treatment while the calculated value was 1.62 ± 0.25 µg/mL for the culture media totally refreshed after two hours treatment with venom. The in vitro efficacy of antivenom against Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom was found to be low. This is the first report that describes the in vivo and in vitro toxic effects of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom and antivenom production against this species.

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“…Exames seqüenciais para avaliação dos pares cranianos não detectaram, em nosso experimento, nenhum sinal de acometimento dos seus núcleos, como por exemplo abolição do reflexo pupilar, "fácies neurotóxico de Rosenfeld" e o nistágmo verificados em humanos (Barraviera 1999, Pinho& Pereira 2001, Bucaretchi et al 2002, animais de laboratório (Castro 1999) e em cães (Ferreira Júnior & Barraviera 2004, Nogueira et al 2004) ou ainda, a ptose palpebral, verificada em alguns experimentos com bovinos (Belluomini et al 1982, Lago 1996. Por outro lado, constatamos a paralisia do globo ocular, em todos os animais que receberam doses de 0,015 ou 0,03mg/kg, revelada através da não-exposição da esclera durante a rotação da cabeça no sentido horário e antihorário, alteração descrita por Belluomini et al (1982) Este achado clínico constitui, ao nosso ver, indicação importante para estabelecimento do diagnóstico e diagnóstico diferencial do envenenamento crotálico em bovinos.…”

Section: Quadro Neurológicounclassified

Aspectos clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais do envenenamento crotálico experimental em bovinos

et al. 2008

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Pesq. Vet. Bras. 28(6):261-270, junho 2008 RESUMO.-Reproduziu-se experimentalmente o envenenamento crotálico, através da inoculação, por via subcutânea, do veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus (cascavel sul-americana) em dez bovinos mestiços. Dois animais foram utilizados como controle. O bovino que recebeu dose de 0,03mg/kg de peso corporal, morreu 7h40min após a inoculação. A dose de 0,015mg/kg causou a morte em quatro de sete bovinos inoculados, enquanto os dois animais que receberam 0,0075mg/kg adoeceram discretamente e se recuperaram. Os sintomas tiveram início entre 1h30min e 13h45min após a inoculação. A evolução oscilou entre 5h25min e 45h para os animais que morreram e entre 33h15min e 17 dias entre os animais que se recuperaram. Os principais sinais nervosos observados foram diminuição da resposta aos estímulos Crotalus poisoning was experimentally reproduced by subcutaneous inoculation of Crotalus durissus terrificus (South American rattlesnake) venom into 10 clinically healthy mixed bred 12 to 36-month-old cattle, weighing 125 to 449 kg. Two animals were used as controls. The animal that received a dose of 0.03mg/kg body weight died 7h40min after inoculation. A 0.015mg/kg dose provoked death in 4 out of 7 young oxen. Two animals given 0.0075mg/kg became slightly sick and recovered. Onset of symptoms occurred from 1h30min to 13h45min after inoculation. The clinical course varied from 5h25min to 45h for animals that died, and from 33h15min to 17 days for animals that recovered. The main nervous signs observed were diminished response to external stimuli, hypotonic reflexes, dragging of the hooves, apathy, difficulties in moving around obstacles, ocular globe paralysis, lateral and sternal decubitus, and tongue paralysis. Adipsia and sometimes petechiae in the conjunctival and vaginal mucosa were observed. A slight to moderate increase in bleeding time was noted in 6 animals, and a moderate increase in partial thromboplastin time was found in 7 others. Moderate leukocytosis with neutrophilia, relative lymphopenia, eosinopenia, and monocytosis was found. There was a significant increase in creatine kinase serum levels of a ten-fold order. No significant alterations were revealed by urinalysis. Necropsy revealed minimal edema at the inoculation site, few petechiae and equimoses in the epicardium, omentum, biliary vesicle and bladder mucosa of some animals. Histopathological examination revealed necrosis (hyalinization) of groups or isolated myocytes in different muscles examined, both near and far from the inoculation site, in all animals. The diagnosis of Crotalus poisoning and its differentiation from diseases causing paralysis and muscular necrosis in cattle in Brazil are discussed.

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Management of venomous snakebites in dogs and cats in Brazil

Cited by 12 publications

References 32 publications

Effect of Mikania glomerata (Asteraceae) leaf extract combined with anti-venom serum on experimental Crotalus durissus (Squamata: Viperidae) envenomation in rats

Effect of Mikania glomerata (Asteraceae) leaf extract combined with anti-venom serum on experimental Crotalus durissus (Squamata: Viperidae) envenomation in rats

Determination of in vivo toxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity of venom from the Cypriot blunt-nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and antivenom production

Aspectos clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais do envenenamento crotálico experimental em bovinos

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