How many species of drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) remain to be described in the forests of São Paulo, Brazil?: species lists of three forest remnants

Abstract

This paper describes the composition and abundance of Drosophila species found in three forest remnants in the State of São Paulo. A well-standardized sampling procedure applied on four collecting trips to the same sites on four areas resulted on 944 samples. All males collected were identified by analyses of the genitalia, this being the only data set used. One hundred and twenty five species were detected amongst the 29,289 males analyzed. From them 57,6% could be identified as described species. Thirteen of the species found were absent from the previous species list for the state of São Paulo State, thus represent an increase of 13% on the number known. We argue that the majority of the 53 unidentified species are in fact undescribed. The sites studied did not differ significantly in the proportion of identified species. On average identified species were almost seven times more abundant than unidentified ones, and this difference was significant. Rarefaction curve analysis confirmed that the proportion of unidentified species increase with sample size, and did not reach a plateau with our data set. These results illustrate the large richness of Drosophila species in forest remnants of São Paulo State. It also indicates that about half of the species in this region remain to be described. This conclusion is particularly important when one considers that this is a well studied genus of Diptera, on the best sampled region of Brazil.Key words: composition; diversity; richness; inventory; atlantic forest; neotropical region. ResumoEste trabalho descreve a composição e a abundância de espécies de Drosophila encontradas em três remanescentes florestais do estado de São Paulo. Um procedimento de coletas bem padronizado aplicado em quatro coletas nos mesmos sítios em três áreas resultou em 944 amostras. Todos os machos coletados foram identificados pela análise da genitália, e apenas os dados destes foram analisados. Cento e vinte e cinco espécies foram detectadas entre os 29.289 machos analisados. Destas 57,6% puderam ser identificadas como espécies já descritas. Treze das espécies encontradas estavam ausentes da lista prévia de espécies do estado de São Paulo, resultado em um aumento de 13% nesta lista. A maioria das 53 espécies não identificadas são, provavelmente, não descritas. Os sítios estudados não diferem significativamente na proporção de espécies identificadas. Em média as espécies identificadas foram quase sete vezes mais abundantes do que as não identificadas, e esta diferença foi significativa. Uma análise de curvas de rarefação confirmou que a proporção de espécies não identificadas aumenta com o tamanho amostral, e não atinge um platô em nosso conjunto de dados. Estes resultados ilustram a grande riqueza de espécies de Drosophila nos remanescentes florestais do estado de São Paulo. Eles também indicam que cerca de metade das espécies desta região ainda não foram descritas. Esta conclusão mostra-se particularmente importante considerando que este é um gênero de Diptera bem estudado, na região ...

The Drosophila community in xerophytic vegetations of the upper Parana-Paraguay river basin

“…The second highest richness was found in the Sophophora subgenus (3 groups and 6 species). This richness distribution among subgenera has been observed in other studies (sene et al, 1981;Tidon-sklorz & sene, 1995;Tidon-sklorz & sene, 1999;medeiros & Klaczko, 2004). Cryptic species of the group that could not be identified.…”

“…nevertheless, it was collected only in this area in this study. medeiros & Klaczko (2004) also collected this species in Barreiro rico farm (between 48° 05' 11'' W -22° 41' 15'' s and 48° 04' 52'' W -22° 41' 26'' s), an interior plateau which has a semi deciduous forest and one of the three remaining forests in são paulo state where collections were made by these authors.…”

“…medeiros & Klaczko (2004) described the last inventory of Drosophila fauna in Brazil, surveyed in three forests remaining in são paulo state. These authors obtained 57, 76 and 90 different species in three studied areas.…”

Taxonomic survey of Drosophilidae (Diptera) from mangrove forests of Santa Catarina Island, Southern Brazil

“…D. pictilis was represented by a single specimen. It was previously known only for Central America (Vilela 1983) and São Paulo state, in south-eastern Brazil (Medeiros & Klaczko 2004). Thus, this is the fi rst record made for the species in Santa Catarina state, which constitutes a new southernmost record for the species.…”

“…The best-studied environment is the Atlantic Rain Forest, especially in the states of São Paulo (Dobzhansky & Pavan 1950, Val & Kaneshiro 1988, Medeiros & Klaczko 2004 and Rio Grande do Sul (Petersen 1960, Valente & Araújo 1991, Saavedra et al 1995. Drosophilids inhabiting urban environments were also studied in Olímpia, São Paulo, Brazil (Bélo & Gallo 1977, Bélo & Oliveira-Filho 1978, Bélo 1979) and later in Montevideo, Uruguay (Goñi et al 1997), in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil (Silva et al 2005), and in Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil (Ferreira & Tidon 2005).…”