“…Since the diversity of the rumen microbiome is closely related to the animal’s ability to acquire and assimilate nutrients, ideal growth promoters would have only a negligible impact on the animal’s natural microbiome, while enhancing the animal’s growth, well-being and reproduction ( Breves et al, 2000 ; Mostafa et al, 2014 ). Many animal probiotics have been shown to improve feed efficiency ( Moreira et al, 2019 ), growth performance ( Tripathi and Karim, 2010 ; Didarkhah and Bashtani, 2018 ), nitrogen retention ( Schofield et al, 2018 ) and also reduced the risk of intestinal infections ( Aldana et al, 2009 ; Tripathi and Karim, 2010 ; Signorini et al, 2012 ; Didarkhah and Bashtani, 2018 ).…”