Biology of Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on seven natural foods

Abstract

Biologia de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) em Sete Dietas Naturais RESUMO-Foi avaliado, em laboratório, o efeito de sete dietas naturais sobre o desenvolvimento e a reprodução de Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick). Os experimentos foram conduzidos a 23 ±1ºC de temperatura, 70 ± 10% de UR e fotoperíodo de 16:8h (L:E). As larvas foram criadas em macieira, videira e madresilva (Lonicera japonica). Para os dois primeiros alimentos foram utilizados três tipos de dietas: folhas de primavera, folhas de verão e frutos. O número de ínstares larvais variou entre cinco e sete. As larvas criadas em folhas de macieira apresentaram, de modo geral, menor número de ínstares, quando comparadas com aquelas criadas em folhas de videira e madresilva. A duração do desenvolvimento larval diferiu entre dietas. As larvas criadas em folhas de macieira-primavera apresentaram a menor duração e as criadas em frutos a maior duração. A sobrevivência de larvas foi menor em frutos que em folhas, principalmente em maçã (17,8%). As pupas fêmeas criadas em madresilva foram mais pesadas que as criadas nas demais dietas. O ciclo de ovo a emergência de adultos variou entre 41 dias em folhas de macieira-primavera e 60 dias em maçã. As fêmeas criadas em madresilva e folhas de macieira-primavera foram as mais fecundas, sendo que aquelas provenientes de maçã não ovipositaram. Madresilva e folhas de primavera foram os alimentos mais adequados; em contraposição, as maçãs foram a dieta menos adequada, o que sugere que dificilmente as larvas possam completar o ciclo sobre esse alimento. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Insecta, lagarta-enroladeira, dieta, planta hospedeira, fase imatura, biologia reprodutiva ABSTRACT-The effect of seven natural diets on the development and reproduction of Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick) was evaluated under laboratory conditions. The experiments were carried out at the temperature of 23 ± 1ºC, with 70 ± 10% of RH and a photoperiod of 16:8h (L:D). The larvae were reared on apple, grapevine and honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). On the first two foods three types of diet were used: spring leaves, summer leaves and fruits. The number of instars varied from five to seven. The larvae reared on apple leaves had, in general, fewer instars than those reared on grapevine and honeysuckle leaves. The duration of larval development differed between diets. The larvae reared on spring apple leaves showed the shortest duration, and those on fruit the longest. The larvae survival was lower on fruit than on leaves, and on apples it was particularly low (17.8%). The female pupae reared on honeysuckle were heavier than those reared on the other diets. The cycle from the egg to the emergence of adults varied between 41 days on spring apple leaves and 60 days on apples. The females reared on honeysuckle and spring apple leaves were the most fecund, whereas the females on apples did not oviposit. Honeysuckle and spring leaves were the most suitable foods. Apples, on the other hand, were the least suitable diet, which leads one to think that larvae c...

Variation in the number of nymphal instars inNysius huttoniWhite (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

“…A sexual difference in number of instars with a higher number in females has been reported in other species of insects (e.g. Zenner-Polania & Helgesen 1973;Schmidt & Lauer 1977;Penz 1990;Allen & Keller 1991;Bentancourt et al 2004;Esperk et al 2007b;Etile & Despland 2008). In Labidura riparia (Pallas) (Dermaptera: Labiduridae), however, the male has one more instar than the female (Shepard et al 1973).…”

“…As mentioned above, the effects of host plants, crowding and humidity on the number of instars have been proved for some insects (Long 1953;Leonard 1968;Ballmer & Pratt 1989;Elder 1989;Penz 1990;Casimero et al 2000;Bentancourt et al 2003Bentancourt et al , 2004Azidah & Sofian-Azirun 2006). In the present study, since the rearing was carried out individually with 65Á75% relative humidity and a single food was used, these responses could not be considered.…”

“…The number of instars, however, varies intraspecifically in a considerable number of species. Variation in number of instars has been reported to be related to factors such as sex (Fleischmann et al 1968;Penz 1990;Garcia-Barros 2006;Esperk et al 2007b), temperature (Roberts et al 1978;Tanaka 1979;Kamata & Igarashi 1995;Zhu & Tanaka 2004;Kingsolver 2007), humidity (Elder 1989), photoperiod (Ingram & Jenner 1976;Tanaka 1979;Tanaka et al 1999;Taniguchi & Tomioka 2003;Zhu & Tanaka 2004), crowding (Long 1953;Leonard 1968), host plants or food quality and quantity (Penz 1990;Casimero et al 2000;Bentancourt et al 2004;Azidah & Sofian-Azirum 2006) and heredity (Brehme 1939;Solonon 1973;Zhou & Topp 2000) in many insects.…”

The biology of Canadian weeds. 135. Lonicera japonica Thunb.

“…The cerambycid Xylotrechus grayi White also feeds on L. japonica in its native range. In North America, L. japonica is affected by leaf rollers and scale insects (Brickell and Zuk 1997), noctuid moths (Pair 1994), and tortricid moths (Bentancourt et al 2004). …”

“…Although heliothine larvae were predominately found in crops rather than wild hosts (including L. japonica) during the growing season in Mississippi (Parker 2000), L. japonica could be a significant contributor to over-wintering populations of these larvae (Pair 1994). Similarly, L. japonica may be a winter food source for a tortricid moth in Brazil and Uruguay [Bonagota cranaodes (Meyrick)], thus augmenting its reduction of apple crops (Bentancourt et al 2004). In North Carolina, L. japonica populations adjacent to crop fields are host to overwintering populations of two spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) that re-invade corn and peanut in the spring (Margolies and Kennedy 1985).…”