Occurrence of yeasts, enterococci and other enteric bacteria in subgingival biofilm of HIV-positive patients with chronic gingivitis and necrotizing periodontitis

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of enteric bacteria and yeasts in biofilm of 80 HIV-positive patients with plaque-associated gingivitis or necrotizing periodontitis. Patients were subjected to extra, intra oral and radiographic examinations. The oral hygiene, bleeding on probing, gingival conditions, and attachment loss were evaluated. Clinical specimens were collected from gingival crevices or periodontal pockets, transferred to VMGA III, diluted and transferred to Sabouraud Dextrose agar with 100 μg/ml of chloramphenicol, peptone water, EVA broth, EMB agar, SS agar, Bile esculin agar and Brilliant green agar. Isolation of yeasts was carried out at room temperature, for 3-7 days; and for the isolation of enteric microorganisms plates were incubated at 37ºC, for 24-48 h. The yeasts identification was performed according to the carbon and nitrogen assimilation, fermentation of carbohydrates and germ tube formation. Bacteria were identified according to their colonial and cellular morphologies and biochemical tests. Yeasts were identified as Candida albicans and its occurrence was more common in patients with CD4+ below 200/mm 3 and was affected by the extension of periodontal involvement (P = 0.0345). Enteric bacteria recovered from clinical specimens were identified as Enterobacter sakazakii, Enterobacter cloacae, Serratia liquefaciens, Klebsiella oxytoca and Enterococcus sp. Enterobacteriaceae and enterococci were detected in 32.5% of clinical samples from patients with necrotizing periodontitis. In conclusion, non-oral pathogenic bacteria and C. albicans were more prevalent in periodontal sites of HIV-positive patients with necrotizing periodontitis and chronic gingivitis.

Skin and Mucocutaneous Manifestations: Useful Clinical Predictors of HIV/AIDS

“…Severe periodontal diseases have been associated with the alterations in the host immune system, which can predispose to gingivitis and the development of periodontitis. Moreover, the relevance of the immune system in the protection of the periodontal tissues has been documented and the impairment of this system could aggravate the periodontal status [28] Previous studies have shown that the microbiology of gingivitis and periodontitis in the HIV patients may differ significantly in comparison to these periodontal pathologies in immunecompetent individuals [29,30].…”

Chlorhexidine: beta-cyclodextrin inhibits yeast growth by extraction of ergosterol

“…Interestingly, exposure of C.a. to 0.1% Cx has been shown to result in cell wall changes, leading to a loss of intracellular components and aggregation of nuclear proteins (2, 13, 14, 16 19, 21, 22, 23). …”

Candida spp. Determination and Th1/Th2 Mixed Cytokine Profile in Oral Samples From HIV+ Patients With Chronic Periodontitis

“…These results differ from the studies that suggest a sensibility and a specificity of 99% (33, 34). These discrepancies could be explained by the different saliva sampling techniques used: isotopes method (28, 30, 35), mouthwash method (11), filter papers method (12, 36); or the identification technique performed: biochemistry tests (11, 28, 30), chromogenic medium (12, 28, 36) PCR (29) or MALDI-TOF MS (27). Therefore, an acquisition technique should be standardized when CHROMagar is used.…”