Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in raw sewage and creek water in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Farias, Eveline Wilma Coutinho; Gamba, Rosa Carvalho; Pellizari, Vivian H.

doi:10.1590/s1517-83822002000100008

Cited by 31 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…One of the common gastrointestinal protozoa parasitizing vertebrates belongs to the genus Cryptosporidium (Slifko et al, 2000). In the present study, Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 95.8% of examined raw domestic wastewater samples, the results which was in accordance with that recorded by Farias, Gamba, and Pellizari (2002) who detected Cryptosporidium oocysts in all of the 24 examined raw wastewater samples collected from the Edu Chaves sewage pumping station in Brazil. Other workers in different countries recorded a lower occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Assessment of Cryptosporidium Removal from Domestic Wastewater Via Constructed Wetland Systems

Morsy

Al‐Herrawy

Ali

2006

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Constructed wetlands have been recognized as offering a removal treatment option for high concentrations removal of chemical and biological contaminants in domestic wastewater. The enteric protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is considered one of the highly resistant to treatment and highly infectious organisms to humans and animals. Moreover, some species of Cryptosporidium are known to have a zoonotic nature. In this investigation a pilot scale for domestic wastewater treatment system was used, consisting of the following steps in series: (1) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, (2) free water surface (FWS) wetland unit, and (3) sub-surface flow (SSF) wetland unit. This treatment system was fed with domestic wastewater to assess its efficiency in removing Cryptosporidium oocysts. The obtained Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected and enumerated by two different staining techniques 'acid fast trichrome (AFT) and modified Ziehl Neelsen (MZN) stains_. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was also used to detect Cryptosporidium DNA in wastewater samples. Results revealed that anaerobic treatment (using UASB reactor) could remove about 53.1% of Cryptosporidium oocysts present in raw wastewater. The in-series connection between the two wetland units allowed complete elimination of Cryptosporidium oocysts as the first (FWS) wetland unit removed 95.9% of the oocysts present in anaerobically treated wastewater and the remaining portion of oocysts was completely removed by the second (SSF) wetland unit. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 95.8% of raw wastewater samples with a mean count of 43.8 oocysts/l when AFT stain was used while they were detected in only 87.5% of raw wastewater samples with a mean count of 35.6 oocysts/l when MZN stain was used. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was able to detect Cryptosporidium DNA in only 45.8% of raw wastewater samples. Positive PCR results were only achieved in wastewater samples containing 52 oocysts or more per liter.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Assessment of Cryptosporidium Removal from Domestic Wastewater Via Constructed Wetland Systems

Morsy

Al‐Herrawy

Ali

2006

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…However, if 20 L of water had not been filtered within 30 minutes because of the high turbidity (implied by decreased filtration rate) of the sample, a minimum 10 L grab water sample was obtained and filtered in the laboratory for analysis. The number of (oo)cysts detected per liter was calculated according to a previously described method as follows: Number of (oo)cysts in pellet = Number of (oo)cysts in an analyzed drop × total mL of the pellet/volume of analyzed drop Number of (oo)cysts/L = Number of (oo)cysts in pellet/number of liters filtered or flocculated water …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Giardia and Cryptosporidium on Dairy Farms and the Role these Farms May Play in Contaminating Water Sources in Prince Edward Island, Canada

Budu-Amoako

Greenwood

Dixon

et al. 2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background Cattle represent a reservoir for Giardia and Cryptosporidium and may contaminate water sources. Objectives To determine the distribution of Cryptosporidium and Giardia on dairy farms and in water bodies near the farms. Farms and Water Sources Twenty dairy farms and 20 wells and 13 surface water samples associated with dairy farms. Methods Proportions of samples positive for Cryptosporidium or Giardia were determined by a direct immunofluorescence assay. Fecal and water samples were taken at different times. Results Thirty‐two (95% CI: 29–35%) and 14% (95% CI: 12–17%) of fecal samples, and 100 (95% CI: 96–100) and 55% (95% CI: 32–77%) of herds, were positive for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, respectively. Giardia duodenalis assemblage E was detected in high proportions (90%) of fecal samples. Cryptosporidium bovis predominated (51%) in all cattle. C. andersoni predominated in adult cattle (53%), whereas the predominant species in animals < 2 months and 2–6 months was C. bovis, respectively. Only calves < 2 months of age were positive for C. parvum. In 46% (95% CI: 19–75%) and 85% (95% CI: 55–98%) of surface water, concentrations of Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts were higher in downstream, than in upstream, locations of farms, whereas only 1 groundwater sample was positive for Cryptosporidium. Conclusions This sample of dairy cattle was predominantly infected with nonzoonotic species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, or both. More studies are needed to determine if the presence of Giardia or Cryptosporidium in surface water was associated with shedding in animals from nearby farms.

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“…In addition, in the majority of the parasitic outbreaks reported, the water quality is in compliance with coliform bacteria standards. According to Aubert & Villena (2009) Gamba et al 2000;Farias et al 2002;Hachich et al 2004). Hachich et al (2004), in a two years monitoring program, found cysts in 27% and oocysts in 2.5% of surface water Currently, a major challenge on producing high-quality drinking water is to monitor waterborne pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in surface water supply of Campinas, Southeast Brazil

Neto¹,

Santos

Sato

et al. 2010

Water Science and Technology

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Surface water contaminated by domestic sewage discharges is a potential source of pathogens, including protozoa. During 2005-2006, the source water (Atibaia River) of the Surface Water Treatment Plant (WTP) of Campinas city, São Paulo, Brazil was sampled to obtain an assessment of Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentrations. Calcium carbonate flocculation (CCF) and membrane filtration (MF) concentration techniques, with and without purification by immunomagnetic separation (IMS) were evaluated. The cysts and oocysts were detected by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and confirmed by differential interference contrast (DIC). Membrane filtration method generally produced higher recovery efficiency. Giardia spp. was detected in 87.5% of the water samples analyzed with densities ranging from 2.5 to 120 cysts per L. Cryptosporidium spp were detected in 62.5% and the concentrations ranged from 15 to 60 oocysts per L. Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst concentrations detected in this study were elevated and are associated with discharge of untreated sewage in Atibaia River. Measures should be taken to protect surface water from sources of contamination.

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Detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in raw sewage and creek water in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Cited by 31 publications

References 6 publications

Assessment of Cryptosporidium Removal from Domestic Wastewater Via Constructed Wetland Systems

Assessment of Cryptosporidium Removal from Domestic Wastewater Via Constructed Wetland Systems

Giardia and Cryptosporidium on Dairy Farms and the Role these Farms May Play in Contaminating Water Sources in Prince Edward Island, Canada

Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in surface water supply of Campinas, Southeast Brazil

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