“…Simple plasmid-based mobility assays have also shown piggyBac to be active in human and other primate cells [ 4 , 10 ], in Zea maize cells [ 11 ], in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ 12 ], and in the embryos of Aedes triseriatus [ 13 ], Heliothis virescens [ 14 ], and Danio rerio [ 10 ]. Of the species amenable to piggyBac -mediated germ-line or strain transformation, namely, Plasmodium falciparum [ 15 ], Mus musculus [ 4 ], Tribolium castaneum [ 5 ], Anopheles gambiae [ 16 ], Ceratitis capita [ 17 ], Drosophila melanogaster [ 18 ], Bactrocera dorsalis [ 19 ], Musca domestica [ 20 ], Lucilia cuprina [ 21 ], Bicyclus anynana [ 22 ], Aedes aegypti [ 23 , 24 ], Anopheles albimanus [ 25 ], Anopheles stephensi [ 26 ], Bombyx mori [ 27 ], Athalia rosae [ 28 ], Drosophila willistoni [ 29 ], Pectinophora gossypiella [ 30 ], Anastrepha suspensa [ 31 ], Aedes fluviatilis [ 32 ], Harmonia axyridis [ 33 ], and the human blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni [ 34 ], remobilization assays have only been attempted for Aedes aegypti [ 35 ], which was unsuccessful, and Tribolium castaneum [ 5 ], and Drosophila melanogaster [ 6 ], which both demonstrated remobilization function. In cases of straight transgene introduction, for example foreign protein production by silkworms, or RNAi studies, stable germ-line transformation is preferred.…”