History of cannabis as a medicine: a review

Zuardi, Antônio Waldo

doi:10.1590/s1516-44462006000200015

Cited by 476 publications

(351 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…In ancient Greece, Rome, China and India, it was used to ameliorate muscle spasms, cramps and pain [1]. At the end of the 19th century in Europe, cannabis was most commonly used for the treatment of pain, asthma, sleep disorders, depression, and loss of appetite [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacy students’ knowledge and attitudes regarding cannabis for medical purposes

Stojanović¹,

Tomas²,

Paut-Kusturica³

et al. 2017

Hosp Pharm Int Multi J

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SUMMARYIntroduction: With the growing trend for legalization of cannabis and its derivatives in Serbia, pharmacists are likely to be consulted on the safety, effi cacy, and drug-drug or drug-disease interactions of medical cannabis. Thus, the aim of our study was to assess pharmacy students' knowledge and attitude toward medical cannabis use in Serbia to determine if additional education is needed. Subjects and methods: In the study students from the fi nal year of the study program of integrated academic studies of pharmacy at the Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire regarding their knowledge and attitudes on the use of cannabis and its derivatives in medical purposes. After giving their written informed consent, they were instructed by the researchers on how to complete the questionnaire. All questionnaires were administered between August 1, 2017 and August 15, 2017. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad; a total of 80 questionnaires were distributed. The questionnaire consisted of 3 groups of statements on which they should mark level of their agreement related to students' knowledge about the use of cannabis and its derivatives in therapeutical purposes, potential negative eff ects, dispensing in a pharmacy and legalization of cannabis and its derivatives in medical purposes. Results: Although 91.2% of the respondents agreed that cannabis and its derivatives could potentially have therapeutical eff ects, much lower percentage of respondents (51.3%) were familiar with possible therapeutical eff ects of cannabis. The same percentage of respondents learned about therapeutical eff ects of cannabis from sources other than school. About third (31.3%) of our respondents thought that the use of cannabis and its derivatives in therapeutical purposes could cause their abuse and the similar percentage of respondents (33.8%) thought that issuing cannabis and its derivatives in the pharmacy could expose a pharmacist to the certain dangers such as insisting on the issuing without the prescription or robbery. About 90% of the respondents agreed it is necessary to create clear guidelines for the use of cannabis and its derivatives in therapeutical purposes and 76.3% of the respondents thought that doctor's prescription is necessary for their dispensing in a pharmacy. Most of the respondents (75%) agreed that, based on the experiences of the countries which have

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacy students’ knowledge and attitudes regarding cannabis for medical purposes

Stojanović¹,

Tomas²,

Paut-Kusturica³

et al. 2017

Hosp Pharm Int Multi J

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“…Despite this, The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that between 125 and 203 million people used cannabis at least once in 2009, making it the most widely produced and consumed illicit substance worldwide. 5 Human use of marijuana for its psychoactive and medicinal properties has been recorded since antiquity, 6 and the diversity of cannabinoid pharmacology has driven interest in CB receptors as therapeutic targets for the potential treatment of numerous diseases, including cancer, obesity, inflammation, and pain. 7−14 Most early synthetic cannabimimetics were simplified analogues of Δ 9 -THC based on the cyclohexylphenol core, such as CP 47,497 (2), disclosed by Pfizer in 1982.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Adamantane-Derived Indoles: Cannabimimetic Drugs of Abuse

Banister

Wilkinson

Longworth

et al. 2013

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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Two novel adamantane derivatives, adamantan-1-yl(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone (AB-001) and N-(adamtan-1-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide (SDB-001), were recently identified as cannabimimetic indoles of abuse. Conflicting anecdotal reports of the psychoactivity of AB-001 in humans, and a complete dearth of information about the bioactivity of SDB-001, prompted the preparation of AB-001, SDB-001, and several analogues intended to explore preliminary structure−activity relationships within this class. This study sought to elucidate which structural features of AB-001, SDB-001, and their analogues govern the cannabimimetic potency of these chemotypes in vitro and in vivo. All compounds showed similar full agonist profiles at CB 1 (EC 50 = 16−43 nM) and CB 2 (EC 50 = 29−216 nM) receptors in vitro using a FLIPR membrane potential assay, with the exception of SDB-002, which demonstrated partial agonist activity at CB 2 receptors. The activity of AB-001, AB-002, and SDB-001 in rats was compared to that of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC) and cannabimimetic indole JWH-018 using biotelemetry. SDB-001 dose-dependently induced hypothermia and reduced heart rate (maximal dose 10 mg/kg) with potency comparable to that of Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC, maximal dose 10 mg/kg), and lower than that of JWH-018 (maximal dose 3 mg/kg). Additionally, the changes in body temperature and heart rate affected by SDB-001 are of longer duration than those of Δ 9 -THC or JWH-018, suggesting a different pharmacokinetic profile. In contrast, AB-001, and its homologue, AB-002, did not produce significant hypothermic and bradycardic effects, even at relatively higher doses (up to 30 mg/kg), indicating greatly reduced potency compared to Δ 9 -THC, JWH-018, and SDB-001.

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“…Archaeologists have identified fibers from cannabis stems in specimens dating back to 4000 BC, and its incorporation into textiles and paper was found in the tombs of the Chinese Han dynasty (ϳ100 BC). 1 The first record of cannabis as a medicine can be found in the oldest Chinese pharmacopeia, Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25 to AD 220), which was indicated for rheumatic pain, malaria, constipation, and disorders of the female reproductive system. 2 Though the cannabis leaf and stem is rarely used nowadays in Chinese herbal medicine, cannabis seeds, which contain very few psychoactive ingredients, are still commonly prescribed for their laxative effects.…”

Section: Suggested Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis and Its Derivatives: Review of Medical Use

Leung

2011

The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine

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Background: Use of cannabis is often an under-reported activity in our society. Despite legal restriction, cannabis is often used to relieve chronic and neuropathic pain, and it carries psychotropic and physical adverse effects with a propensity for addiction. This article aims to update the current knowledge and evidence of using cannabis and its derivatives with a view to the sociolegal context and perspectives for future research.Methods: Cannabis use can be traced back to ancient cultures and still continues in our present society despite legal curtailment. The active ingredient, ⌬9-tetrahydrocannabinol, accounts for both the physical and psychotropic effects of cannabis. Though clinical trials demonstrate benefits in alleviating chronic and neuropathic pain, there is also significant potential physical and psychotropic side-effects of cannabis. Recent laboratory data highlight synergistic interactions between cannabinoid and opioid receptors, with potential reduction of drug-seeking behavior and opiate sparing effects. Legal rulings also have changed in certain American states, which may lead to wider use of cannabis among eligible persons.

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History of cannabis as a medicine: a review

Cited by 476 publications

References 13 publications

Pharmacy students’ knowledge and attitudes regarding cannabis for medical purposes

Pharmacy students’ knowledge and attitudes regarding cannabis for medical purposes

The Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Adamantane-Derived Indoles: Cannabimimetic Drugs of Abuse

Cannabis and Its Derivatives: Review of Medical Use

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