“…RA receives projections from other pallial vocal areas, projects to vocal and respiratory centers in the midbrain and medulla, and plays key roles in the encoding and expression of learned vocalizations (Hahnloser, Kozhevnikov, & Fee, ; Long & Fee, ; Nottebohm et al, ; Nottebohm, Kelley, & Paton, ; Spiro, Dalva, & Mooney, ; Vicario, ; Wild, ; Wild & Botelho, ; Wild, Williams, & Suthers, ). Analogous nuclei are present in the other bird groups that evolved vocal learning (caudal part of the anterior arcopallium [AAc] in parrots and VA in hummingbirds; Brauth, Heaton, Shea, Durand, & Hall, ; Durand, Heaton, Amateau, & Brauth, ; Gahr, ; Jarvis & Mello, ; Jarvis et al, ), but seem absent in birds that lack this behavioral trait (Kroodsma & Konishi, ; Saldanha, Schultz, London, & Schlinger, , but also see Liu, Wada, Jarvis, & Nottebohm, ; de Lima et al, ). Another example of a discrete arcopallial nucleus is the so‐called nucleus taenia, which is thought to mediate telencephalic control of affective state and motivation through projections to the hypothalamus (Cheng et al, ; Thompson et al, ; Zeier & Karten, ).…”