Proportional odds model applied to mapping of disease resistance genes in plants

Abstract

Molecular markers have been used extensively to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling disease resistance in plants. Mapping is usually done by establishing a statistical association between molecular marker genotypes and quantitative variations in disease resistance. However, most statistical approaches require a continuous distribution of the response variable, a requirement not always met since evaluation of disease resistance is often done using visual ratings based on an ordinal scale of disease severity. This paper discusses the application of the proportional odds model to the mapping of disease resistance genes in plants amenable to expression as ordinal data. The model was used to map two resistance QTL of maize to Puccinia sorghi. The microsatellite markers bngl166 and bngl669, located on chromosomes 2 and 8, respectively, were used to genotype F2 individuals from a segregating population. Genotypes at each marker locus were then compared by assessing disease severity in F3 plants derived from the selfing of each genotyped F2 plant based on an ordinal scale severity. The residual deviance and the chi-square score statistic indicated a good fit of the model to the data and the odds had a constant proportionality at each threshold. Single-marker analyses detected significant differences among marker genotypes at both marker loci, indicating that these markers were linked to disease resistance QTL. The inclusion of the interaction term after single-marker analysis provided strong evidence of an epistatic interaction between the two QTL. These results indicate that the proportional odds model can be used as an alternative to traditional methods in cases where the response variable consists of an ordinal scale, thus eliminating the problems of heterocedasticity, non-linearity, and the non-normality of residuals often associated with this type of data.<br>Marcadores moleculares têm sido extensivamente usados para o mapeamento de loci de características quantitativas (QTL) que controlam a resistência às doenças em plantas. O mapeamento é usualmente feito estabelecendo uma associação estatística entre os genótipos dos marcadores moleculares e as variações quantitativas na resistência à doença. No entanto, a maioria dos métodos estatísticos requer uma distribuição contínua da variável resposta, um pressuposto nem sempre encontrado, já que a avaliação da resistência às doenças é freqüentemente feita visualmente através da atribuição de escores numa escala ordinal ao grau de severidade da doença. Este artigo apresenta a aplicação do modelo de chances proporcionais no mapeamento de genes de resistência à doença em plantas, adequado aos casos de dados ordinais. O modelo foi utilizado para mapear dois QTL de resistência a Puccinia sorghi em milho. Os marcadores moleculares bngl166 e bngl669, localizados nos cromossomos 2 e 8, respectivamente, foram usados para a genotipagem de indivíduos F2 de uma população segregante. Os genótipos em cada locus foram, então, comparados com relação ao grau de severidade da doe...

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