Povos e comunidades tradicionais: das áreas protegidas à visibilidade política de grupos sociais portadores de identidade étnica e coletiva¹

Abstract

O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma revisão esquemática dos três vetores que influenciaram na consolidação da nomenclatura "povos e comunidades tradicionais" no Brasil, dando destaque aos casos amazônicos. São estes: a) as discussões do ambientalismo internacional; b) o desenvolvimento desse debate no âmbito nacional; c) a apropriação pelos grupos sociais rotulados enquanto tais. O foco é mostrar que com o Decreto nº 6040/07, o termo se transformou e não mais se restringe ao âmbito das Áreas Protegidas. Este passou a designar grupos sociais autodefinidos por distintas identidades coletivas, que lutam por direitos sociais básicos e ao território, acesso aos recursos naturais e reconhecimento em políticas públicas adequadas às suas necessidades.

Participatory action research in an Amazon protected area: Lessons for community psychology in Northern Brazil

“…The residents identify themselves as either extractivists or caboco amazonense (Amazonas' caboco) and are descendants of the rubber tappers who lived in the region at the end of the 19th century. They are all considered as traditional peoples and communities (Calegare et al, 2014) due to having a lifestyle typical of the Amazonian caboclo (Adams, Murrieta, & Neves, 2009), a term widely used to refer to various types of Amazon peasants. All the residents make a living by agro-extractive production (agriculture, fishing, and extraction) and/or receive government benefits.…”

“…Until the 1980s, around the world local communities were simply disregarded by the PA's management, generating much social conflict that resulted in a change to the conservation paradigm: protecting natural areas from people became protecting natural areas for people (Phillips, 2003). Therefore, when it comes to the treatment of developing local communities in PA, the global and Brazilian examples emphasize two aspects: (a) comanagement, involving the people living in the PA in the decision making and in even conditions of power and (b) recognizing and supporting those people's conservation practices through their own rights (Calegare, Higuchi, & Bruno, 2014).…”

Sustainability and Land tenure: Who owns the floodplain in the Pantanal, Brazil?

“…However, there are no definitions of what constitutes sustainable use of natural resources or how local people should manage these areas. In fact, the right to use traditional territories was established as a way to offer communities living in rural areas the means to secure their livelihood, social cohesion and individual rights in face of threats of physical and economic displacement (Calegare et al, 2014). The main idea underpinning this legal procedure is that once human rights are guaranteed, the management rules can be drawn up (Silva, 2007) and other legal agreements established to guarantee ecological sustainability.…”

“…The main idea underpinning this legal procedure is that once human rights are guaranteed, the management rules can be drawn up (Silva, 2007) and other legal agreements established to guarantee ecological sustainability. This can be done through fishing agreements (PinedoVasquez et al, 2011) -common in the Amazon floodplains), commitment terms specially created to authorize local communities to use areas inside Strictly Protected Areas (Sautchuk, 2007), or even creation of Sustainable Use Protected Areas (Calegare et al, 2014) among other possibilities. However, although no further agreement was reached to regulate natural resource use in Settlement 1's traditional territory, there are strong indications from the RFS, the unexploitable reserves and tourist fish catch data that local people's use may guarantee local ecological sustainability (Chiaravalloti in press).…”

O PETAR e os modos de vida dos moradores do Bairro Ribeirão dos Camargo

“…A Lei do SNUC surge como consequência das discussões sobre a permanência de comunidades tradicionais em áreas protegidas, de sua importância na conservação da biodiversidade e dos conflitos gerados pela criação de espaços protegidos com populações humanas no seu interior (BELLINASSI; PAVÃO; CARDOSO-LEITE, 2011;CALEGARE;HIGUCHI;BRUNO, 2014 Nessa linha, no Brasil, a criação de unidades de proteção obedece à tendência mundial de excluir os moradores locais no interior delas. Adotou-se a concepção de área protegida criada nos Estados Unidos, aceita mundialmente nos anos 60, e observada até hoje (ARAUJO, 2007;ARRUDA, 1999;HIMMELFARB, 2006;MARQUES, 2014;MATTOS;NOBRE;ALOUFA, 2011;SANTILLI, 2012;SPÌNOLA, 2013;).…”