On Scorpion Envenoming Syndrome: Problems of Medical Ethics and Accountability in Medical Research in India

Murthy, K. Radha Krishna

doi:10.1590/s0104-79302002000100002

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…They may exhibit signs and symptoms involving the central nervous system, stimulation of the autonomic nervous system, and occasionally, respiratory and heart failure, and even death. After stings by dangerous scorpions from different parts of the world the signs and symptoms are similar [ 5 ]. The victims of scorpion envenoming that presented multi-system-organ failure characterized by changes in hormonal environment with a massive release of counter-regulatory hormones, such as catecholamine, glucagon, cortisol, angiotensin-II, and with decreased levels of insulin and an increase blood glucose level.…”

Section: Scorpionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scorpion Venom and the Inflammatory Response

Petricevich

2010

Mediators of Inflammation

191

127

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Scorpion venoms consist of a complex of several toxins that exhibit a wide range of biological properties and actions, as well as chemical compositions, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. These venoms are associated with high morbility and mortality, especially among children. Victims of envenoming by a scorpion suffer a variety of pathologies, involving mainly both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation as well as central manifestations such as irritability, hyperthermia, vomiting, profuse salivation, tremor, and convulsion. The clinical signs and symptoms observed in humans and experimental animals are related with an excessive systemic host inflammatory response to stings and stings, respectively. Although the pathophysiology of envenomation is complex and not yet fully understood, venom and immune responses are known to trigger the release of inflammatory mediators that are largely mediated by cytokines. In models of severe systemic inflammation produced by injection of high doses of venom or venoms products, the increase in production of proinflammatory cytokines significantly contributes to immunological imbalance, multiple organ dysfunction and death. The cytokines initiate a cascade of events that lead to illness behaviors such as fever, anorexia, and also physiological events in the host such as activation of vasodilatation, hypotension, and increased of vessel permeability.

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Section: Scorpionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scorpion Venom and the Inflammatory Response

Petricevich

2010

Mediators of Inflammation

191

127

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“…Others symptoms displayed by victims of scorpion accidents are fever, restlessness, excessive salivation, lacrimation, increased gastrointestinal motility, respiratory, cardiac arrhythmias, acute pulmonary inflammation, hypertension followed by hypotension, heart failure, and cardiogenic shock. In part, these clinical manifestations may be observed by the presence of neurotoxic components in the venom which interact with sodium and potassium channels in nerve endings [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspidosperma pyrifolium Has Anti-Inflammatory Properties: An Experimental Study in Mice with Peritonitis Induced by Tityus serrulatus Venom or Carrageenan

Lima

Bitencourt

Furtado

et al. 2017

IJMS

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Scorpions of the genus Tityus are responsible for the majority of envenomation in Brazil, the Tityus serrulatus species being the most common and dangerous in South America. In this approach, we have investigated the ability of the aqueous extract from the leaves of Aspidosperma pyrifolium in reducing carrageenan-induced inflammation and the inflammation induced by T. serrulatus envenomation in mice. We also evaluated the cytotoxic effects of this extract, using the 3-(4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium (MTT) assay and the results revealed that the extract is safe. Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Mass Spectrometry with Diode Array Detection (LC-DAD-MS) showed one major chemical component, the flavonoid rutin and phenolics compounds. For in vivo studies in carrageenan-induced peritonitis model, mice received extracts, dexamethasone, rutin or saline, before administration of carrageenan. For venom-induced inflammation model, animals received T. serrulatus venom and were, simultaneously, treated with extracts, antivenom, rutin or saline. The extract and rutin showed a reduction in the cell migration into the peritoneal cavity, and in the same way the envenomated animals also showed reduction of edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and vasodilation in lungs. This is an original study revealing the potential action of A. pyrifolium against inflammation caused by Tityus serrulatus venom and carrageenan, revealing that this extract and its bioactive molecules, specifically rutin, may present potential anti-inflammatory application.

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“…Despite the small seasonal variations, the great difference between European and Africanized venoms is not in the quality but rather in the inoculated quantity resulting from massive attacks [16][17][18] . This causes serious envenomations and the development of an acute syndrome characterized by the release of a large quantity of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, thus causing a sharp inflammatory response that triggers disturbances in the immune system, heart, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, bone marrow, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles, among others [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] . As we do not yet have…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Africanized honeybee stings: how to treat them

Almeida

Olivo

Mendes

et al. 2011

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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Introduction:In 1956, Africanized honeybees (AHB) migrated from Brazil to other regions of the Western Hemisphere, including South, Central, and North America, except for Canada. Despite being productive, they are highly aggressive and cause fatal accidents. This study aimed to evaluate patients at the Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School (HC-FMB) and to propose treatment guidelines. Methods: From 2005 to 2006, the clinical and laboratorial aspects of 11 patients (7 male and 4 female) and the anatomopathological aspects of one patient who had died in 2003 were analyzed. Results: The age of the surviving patients varied from 5 to 87 years, with a mean of 42.5 years. The majority of accidents occurred in the afternoon, and the number of stings ranged from 20 to 500. The principal signs and symptoms were pain and local inflammatory signs, nausea, tachycardia, and vomiting. Biochemical findings presented increased levels of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and aspartate/alanine aminotransferase. An 11-year-old male patient died upon entering the attic of a two-storey building where he was attacked by a swarm, receiving more than 1,000 stings. He was sent to HC-FMB where he was treated, but he died 24h later. Observed at the autopsy were erythematous-purpuric skin lesions besides necrosis at the sting locations, rhabdomyolysis, focal myocardial necrosis, tubular hydropic degeneration and focal tubular acute necrosis of the kidneys, myoglobinuria, and centrolobular necrosis in the liver. Conclusions: Accidents caused by multiple AHB stings always constitute a medical emergency. As there is no specific antivenom, we have developed guidelines, including first aid, drugs, and the proper removal of stingers.

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On Scorpion Envenoming Syndrome: Problems of Medical Ethics and Accountability in Medical Research in India

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

Scorpion Venom and the Inflammatory Response

Scorpion Venom and the Inflammatory Response

Aspidosperma pyrifolium Has Anti-Inflammatory Properties: An Experimental Study in Mice with Peritonitis Induced by Tityus serrulatus Venom or Carrageenan

Africanized honeybee stings: how to treat them

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