1999
DOI: 10.1590/s0104-79301999000100002
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Abstract: Envenomation by insects, snakes, scorpions, and spiders involves the activation of the inflammatory system with the release and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemotactic mediators, cellular infiltration, and other vasoactive mediators. Activation of the inflammatory system and its cascade of events play a major role in the pathogenesis of envenomation, its clinical picture, and outcome. Additional clinical and laboratory studies are required to characterize the exact mechanisms by which the inflamm… Show more

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Cited by 54 publications
(32 citation statements)
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“…Voronov et al (25) described that total venom induces IL-6 systemic release, suggesting a direct immune response and a quick inversion in the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, which indicates that venom can cause cytotoxic activity in addition to previous hematological and immune alterations.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Voronov et al (25) described that total venom induces IL-6 systemic release, suggesting a direct immune response and a quick inversion in the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, which indicates that venom can cause cytotoxic activity in addition to previous hematological and immune alterations.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These events are accompanied by an acute inflammatory reaction associated with swelling, pain and the recruitment of macrophages and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (Chacur et al, 2003;Gutierrez et al, 2009;Mamede et al, 2013). Activated leukocytes secrete a wide range of chemical mediators such as IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8, which along with the biological effects induced by the toxin, may contribute to the evolution of local myotoxicity and regeneration Voronov et al, 1999). Local myonecrosis is a difficult medical challenge owing to its rapid development and poor tissue regeneration characterized by dysfunction and tissue loss, which have negative social and psychological consequences (Hernandez et al, 2011;Tonello et al, 2012).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Despite the small seasonal variations, the great difference between European and Africanized venoms is not in the quality but rather in the inoculated quantity resulting from massive attacks [16][17][18] . This causes serious envenomations and the development of an acute syndrome characterized by the release of a large quantity of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, thus causing a sharp inflammatory response that triggers disturbances in the immune system, heart, liver, kidneys, central nervous system, bone marrow, blood vessels, and skeletal muscles, among others [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] . As we do not yet have…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%