“…Political knowledge and education should lower nonresponse and promote stability (Almeida 2007;Carreirão 2002; for US-based evidence, see Jacoby 1991Jacoby , 1995, just as they affect party identification (Kinzo 2005, Samuels 2006). Furthermore, those who are exposed to greater amounts of political information via the mass media will be more likely to grasp the use of ideological categories (Lima 2007;Miguel 2004). However, we expect effects to be stronger for newspaper readers and for radio news listeners than for television news viewers, since television news tends to focus on politicians' personalities, major political events, and during campaigns on the "horserace."…”