As estratégias de luta simbólica para a formação da enfermeira visitadora no início do século XX

Abstract

Com base na perspectiva histórico-social, o objeto deste estudo documental consistiu nas estratégias de luta simbólica para a formação de agentes de visitação domiciliar nos Cursos de Enfermeiras Visitadoras da Cruz Vermelha Brasileira e do Departamento Nacional de Saúde Pública, no Rio de Janeiro (DF), com repercussão no Departamento de Saúde e Assistência de Pernambuco, entre 1920 e 1926. Adotamos como referencial teórico o pensamento do sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu, evidenciando uma luta simbólica no campo da saúde pública entre os sanitaristas Amaury de Medeiros e José P. Fontenelle e a enfermeira de saúde pública Ethel Parsons, para analisar quem seria responsável pela autoridade e competência científica da formação das enfermeiras visitadoras.

Estudos sobre a formação da enfermeira para o cuidado

“…Santos (2004), por sua vez, ao enfocar a formação da enfermeira brasileira numa perspectiva histórica, afirma que os ritos e as insígnias são utilizados para simbolizar a transformação de mulheres em enfermeiras e que esse modelo de formação, implantado no Brasil, na década de 1920, teve influência norte-americana. Ayres (2012), ainda nessa perspectiva histórica, trata da formação da enfermeira no início do século XX, conhecida como "visitadora", destacando as diferentes concepções que perpassam o significado dessa profissão, particularmente a da enfermeira subordinada ao médico ou, pelo contrário, daquela profissional que deveria construir sua autonomia. Barros et al (2009), abordando o ensino no Curso de Enfermagem, destaca a inserção dos estudantes no campo de prática como uma das estratégias mais significativas para a produção desse cuidado em Enfermagem e o docente, nesse ínterim, configura-se como mediador desse processo.…”

Gênese da atenção domiciliária no Brasil no início do século XX

“…The role of women was in accordance with the culture of the time and did not compete with the role of men since their duties were an extension of the activities carried out at home with the children, spouse and family. Health professionals believed that their presence in other people's homes was an advantage due to the skills of the women regarding their collective work within their families (16) . The analysis of writings about tuberculosis prophylaxis services revealed the offshoot of this theme: the detailed examination of bodies and the spaces they occupied.…”

Nurses' Commitment to the Care of Tuberculosis Patients

“…The historical participation of nurses underscores the acknowledgment of the disease as a public health issue in Brazil and the inclusion of health education as an essential tool for raising collective and individual health awareness through actions performed by visiting nurses in the 1920s. [6][7] From a historical perspective of the fight against this disease in Brazil, the nursing profession has provided legitimate statements about matters related to the care of people with TB, owing to their experience in controlling this disease, in both the hospital setting and in public health, including prevention, treatment and the training of human resources to take action against the disease. [7][8] The role of nursing in the care of TB patients is currently being broadened with more effective contributions in primary care, and it is also includes the production of new knowledge by means of relevant studies in the field.…”

“…[6][7] From a historical perspective of the fight against this disease in Brazil, the nursing profession has provided legitimate statements about matters related to the care of people with TB, owing to their experience in controlling this disease, in both the hospital setting and in public health, including prevention, treatment and the training of human resources to take action against the disease. [7][8] The role of nursing in the care of TB patients is currently being broadened with more effective contributions in primary care, and it is also includes the production of new knowledge by means of relevant studies in the field. 5,[9][10] In addition, the managerial, organizational and educational nature of the profession often allows for the enacting of different roles by the nurses in the implementation of activities within health services that control and prevent TB.…”