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Objectives Bioarcheological evidence suggests stature increased in males but decreased in females after the Black Death (1348‐1350 CE). Because tradeoffs between growth and reproduction can result in earlier ages at menarche and lower limb length, we assess menarcheal age between 1120 and 1540 CE to better understand the health of medieval adolescent females before and after the plague. Materials and Methods Our sample comprises 74 adolescent females from St. Mary Spital, London (1120‐1540 CE) within the age range during which menarche occurs (10‐25 years). They were assessed as being pre‐ or post‐menarcheal and divided into three groups: Early Pre‐Black Death (n = 13), Late Pre‐Black Death (n = 38), and Post‐Black Death (n = 23). Changes in the ages of pre‐ and post‐menarcheal females were assessed using Mann‐Whitney tests. Results The average age of post‐menarcheal females increased from the Early‐ to Late Pre‐Black Death periods and declined after the Black Death. Conclusions Short stature can reflect unfavorable growth environments, while younger menarcheal age indicates improved living conditions. The paradoxical pattern of female, but not male, stature reduction after the Black Death might reflect the association of early menarche with lower limb length and signal that adolescent females experienced improved health conditions after the epidemic. Our focus on pre‐ and post‐menarche within a limited age span provides a novel approach for inferring average ages of menarche over time. Pathways to skeletal development and reproductive investment are part of an integrated system, providing a bridge between life history research in bioarchaeology and human biology.
Objectives Bioarcheological evidence suggests stature increased in males but decreased in females after the Black Death (1348‐1350 CE). Because tradeoffs between growth and reproduction can result in earlier ages at menarche and lower limb length, we assess menarcheal age between 1120 and 1540 CE to better understand the health of medieval adolescent females before and after the plague. Materials and Methods Our sample comprises 74 adolescent females from St. Mary Spital, London (1120‐1540 CE) within the age range during which menarche occurs (10‐25 years). They were assessed as being pre‐ or post‐menarcheal and divided into three groups: Early Pre‐Black Death (n = 13), Late Pre‐Black Death (n = 38), and Post‐Black Death (n = 23). Changes in the ages of pre‐ and post‐menarcheal females were assessed using Mann‐Whitney tests. Results The average age of post‐menarcheal females increased from the Early‐ to Late Pre‐Black Death periods and declined after the Black Death. Conclusions Short stature can reflect unfavorable growth environments, while younger menarcheal age indicates improved living conditions. The paradoxical pattern of female, but not male, stature reduction after the Black Death might reflect the association of early menarche with lower limb length and signal that adolescent females experienced improved health conditions after the epidemic. Our focus on pre‐ and post‐menarche within a limited age span provides a novel approach for inferring average ages of menarche over time. Pathways to skeletal development and reproductive investment are part of an integrated system, providing a bridge between life history research in bioarchaeology and human biology.
Introduction: Adolescence is considered an important period of sexual development and an increase body-growth, characterized by changes in the amount and distribution of fat and lean mass distinct between sexes, with a significant impact on nutritional status, current and future. Objective: To evaluate the association between sexual maturation and adiposity in children and adolescents. Method: We conducted a longitudinal study with 617 students 8-18 years old from two schools in São Paulo. Were performed three data collections at intervals of six months. Data on weight, height, waist circumference were collected. Overweight was classified based on cutoffs of body mass index (BMI) for Brazilian children and adolescents. Resistance (R), reactance (Xc), phase angle (PA) and body composition values were obtained by bioelectrical impedance. The sexual maturation stage (SMS) was self-assessed and subjects were divided into quartiles of age second sex and SMS. We compared the subjects with relatively rapid maturation with other individuals. Results: We observed a negative association between BMI z score and age of onset of sexual maturation in boys. The relatively rapid sexual maturation was associated with overweight and greater increase in the values of z scores of BMI. Girls with relatively rapid maturation had higher central adiposity. The accelerated maturation was associated with R/H, Xc/H and PA and the absolute amount of lean mass. Lower impedance vectors were observed in girls with accelerated maturation. Conclusion: The accelerated sexual maturation was associated with changes in bioelectrical parameters, body composition, greater increase in BMI and obesity in children and adolescents.
ResumoObjetivO. Avaliar a idade da menarca e a antropometria de meninas escolares de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos em Cascavel (Estado do Paraná) -Região Sul do Brasil. MétOdOs. Estudo transversal realizado no ano de 2006 com 2.761 meninas em 27 escolas públicas e particulares. A idade da menarca foi obtida pelo método status quo. Para a avaliação da maturação sexual foi realizada a autoavaliação de acordo com os critérios descritos por Tanner. O nível socioeconômico foi obtido por meio do questionário da ABEP (2003). Avaliou-se o peso e a estatura, obtendo-se o índice de massa corporal (IMC). Foram utilizados a análise estatística descritiva e o teste de Mann-Whitney, com nível de significância de 5%. ResultadOs. A idade da menarca geral foi 12,2+1,2 anos e 12,1+1,1; 12,3+1,2 e 12,4+1,2 anos para os tercis alto, médio e baixo de nível socioeconômico, respectivamente. Foram constatados valores superiores para as meninas pós-menarca no peso e na estatura dos 10 aos 17 anos de idade e no IMC dos 11 aos 14 anos de idade. COnClusões. As meninas de nível socioeconômico alto apresentaram idade da menarca em idade inferior aos demais níveis socioeconômicos. Embora estas diferenças tenham sido observadas em níveis socioeconômicos distintos, biologicamente foram consideradas pequenas. Unitermos intROduçãOA puberdade é um evento fisiológico do processo de maturação sexual que começa com a ativação do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gônada e culmina com a capacidade reprodutiva. Durante a puberdade as mudanças são dinâmicas e podem variar quanto à idade de início ou término, à magnitude, à velocidade que se expressam e suas inter-relações, além da etnia, do gênero e do meio ambiente em que o indivíduo vive. A puberdade abrange o desenvolvimento das gônadas, dos órgãos sexuais e das características sexuais secundárias, sendo estas, nas mulheres, caracterizadas pelo desenvolvimento das mamas (telarca), dos pêlos pubianos (pubarca) e a ocorrência da primeira menstrua ção (menarca). Dentre esses eventos, a menarca é o fenômeno mais representativo e de mais fácil determinação, constituindo um importante indicador da maturação sexual, especialmente em estudos históricos e/ou retrospectivos 1,2 . A idade do surgimento da menarca diminuiu tanto nos países desenvolvidos quanto nos países em desenvolvimento, assim como no Brasil 3 . Esta antecipação da idade da menarca foi mais expressiva entre o final do século XIX e os anos 70 do século XX [4][5][6] . A partir desta época, não há consenso entre os estudos se a idade da primeira menstruação continua a diminuir, mesmo que mais lentamente, ou se está estacionada 2,4-7 . Além de ser um indicador de maturação biológica, a idade da menarca também é usada para mostrar as mudanças socioeconômicas que ocorrem com as populações. Existem poucos estudos que comparam a idade da menarca segundo o nível socioeconômico em um mesmo país e mesmo assim estes estudos apresentam resultados controversos [8][9][10] . Alguns estudos tentam associar a antecipação da menarca à melhora do nível socioeconômico...
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