“…At the same time, international literature holds that higher education markets, especially the market of institutional prestige or reputation [12][13], operates independently as a quality vector through the incessant stimulus to competition [14][15][16]. Indeed, competition creates intense pressure on universities' governance and management, in a double sense: on one hand, to obtain competitive advantage in relevant markets (students, professors, and financing, and in the work market for its graduates); on the other, to demonstrate its own competitiveness through national [17][18] or international [19][20] rankings (i.e., the reputational or prestige market). Thus, academic capitalism and its policy regulation through governments generates a clamping movement over universities, conducive to their internal organization around quality demands, and the adoption of a highly rationalized bureaucraticstrategic management that, in other parts of the world, is called market (or quasi market) governance, attainable through a competitive bureaucracy.…”