Influence of surface texture by NH4Cl aqueous solution on the electrical and optical properties of al-doped zinc oxide films

Abstract

Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) films were prepared on glass substrate by mid-frequency direct current reactive magnetron sputtering (MF-DC-MS). The influence of surface texture by NH 4 Cl aqueous solution on the surface morphology, electrical and optical properties of the AZO films was systematically investigated by scanning electron microscope, four-point probe and ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectrophotometer, respectively. The results indicate that textured AZO film obtains a better texture surface for light trapping. The reflectivity for textured AZO film decreases drastically in visible light region and the electrical resistivity increases, which can be explained by the textured surface morphology of AZO film. The results above prove that NH 4 Cl aqueous solution is an appropriate candidate for AZO wet etching because of its easy control and relatively low cost.

Extraction of vanadium from stone coal by modified salt-roasting process

“…However, the released exhaust gas containing Cl 2 and HCl pollutes the environment seriously. In recent years, several other processes have been proposed to recover vanadium from stone coal, such as oxidizing roasting-alkaline leaching [3], dilute sulfuric acid leaching [4], calcium salt roasting-sulfuric acid leaching [5], direct acid leaching-solvent extraction [6], pressure acid leaching [7−8], sulfuric acid with villiaumite leaching [9−10] and low temperature sulphating roasting-water leaching [11]. However, there is no an all-purpose process for the extraction of vanadium from stone coal.…”